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Abstract
Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Haemophilus haemolyticus exhibit different pathogenicities, but to date, there remains no definitive and reliable strategy for differentiating these strains. In this study, we evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as a potential method for differentiating NTHi and H. haemolyticus. The phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA and recombinase A (recA) gene sequences, outer membrane protein P6 gene sequencing and single-gene PCR were used as reference methods. The original reference database (ORD, provided with the Biotyper software) and new reference database (NRD, extended with Chinese strains) were compared for the evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS. Through a search of the ORD, 76.9% of the NTHi (40/52) and none of the H. haemolyticus (0/20) strains were identified at the species level. However, all NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains used for identification were accurately recognized at the species level when searching the NRD. From the dendrogram clustering of the main spectra projections, the Chinese and foreign H. influenzae reference strains were categorized into two distinct groups, and H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus were also separated into two categories. Compared to the existing methods, MALDI-TOF MS has the advantage of integrating high throughput, accuracy and speed. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is an excellent method for differentiating NTHi and H. haemolyticus. This method can be recommended for use in appropriately equipped laboratories.
Citation: Zhu B, Xiao D, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Xu L, et al. (2013) MALDI-TOF MS Distinctly Differentiates Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae from Haemophilus haemolyticus. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056139
Editor: Fabiano Thompson, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Received: October 30, 2012; Accepted: January 5, 2013; Published: February 14, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Zhu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by the Acute Meningitis-Encephalitis Syndrome Surveillance project and grants (2011CB504904) from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), the National Key Program for Infectious Disease of China (Contract No. 2008ZX10004-002) and the China Mega-Project for Infectious Disease (Contract No. 2011ZX10004-001). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Haemophilus haemolyticus are both commensal organisms that colonize the pharyngeal cavity [1]. NTHi is a particularly important pathogen, causing community-acquired pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis exacerbations [2]–[4]. NTHi also causes meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media [4]–[6]. Comparatively, H. haemolyticus rarely causes invasive or surface infections [7]. However, in spite of the significant differences in the pathogenicity of these two species, there is no definitive and reliable strategy with which to differentiate these strains. For example, H. haemolyticus cannot be differentiated from NTHi by the production of ß-hemolysis on horse or rabbit blood agar because a significant portion of H. haemolyticus isolates appear nonhemolytic, similar to NTHi [8]; thus, this recommended standard microbiologic protocol is not sufficient.
Several molecular techniques have been used in attempts to differentiate the two species. Of these, PCR tests of single-gene targets, such as the lipo-oligosaccharide gene (lgtC), the IgA protease gene (iga), the fuculose kinase gene (fucK), the [Cu, Zn]-superoxide dismutase gene (sodC), the adherence and penetration protein gene (hap), and the outer membrane protein (omp) P2 and P6 gene, are the most simple and inexpensive [9]–[13]. However, a recent evaluation of several of these biomarkers revealed that none could unequivocally differentiate all NTHi isolates from H. haemolyticus [10]. Wang et al. exploited two probe-based real time PCR assays (hpd#1 and hpd#3) targeting the protein D gene (hpd) and demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity in detecting 102 initial NTHi isolates (96% and 98%) [13], whereas in subsequent studies, Theodore et al. [14] and Binks et al. [10] observed lower sensitivity values for the same assays (88.5% and 88.9%, respectively). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is also used to segregate the two species, and it provides more accurate differentiation, but it is expensive and labor intensive [8]. In one study by Murphy et al., NTHi was differentiated from H. haemolyticus based on four specific amino acid residues in the conserved sequence of the P6 gene. Additionally, the monoclonal antibody 7F3, which recognizes amino acids 59 and 61, could also recognize specific amino acid residues of the P6 protein [8]. Subsequently, Chang et al. found that some NTHi strains could not be discriminated by this sequencing method [15].
Recently, as an alternative to biochemical and genome-based identification schemes, proteomic profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been successfully used in the species differentiation of a variety of microorganisms [16]–[20]. and been indicated that the potential to replace conventional identification techniques based on genomic fingerprinting [21] and biochemical methods [22]. The MALDI-TOF MS method can be performed rapidly and is reproducible using species-specific spectral patterns at a wide range of age of the culture, growth conditions, or medium selection [23]–[25]. We hypothesized that the NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains would have unique protein mass spectra despite their similarities in certain genes and proteins.
In this study, we evaluated MALDI-TOF MS coupled to the Biotyper system (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) as a potential method for discriminating NTHi and H. haemolyticus. The phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA and recombinase A (recA) gene sequences, P6 gene sequencing and single-gene PCR were used as the reference methods.
Materials and Methods
Identification of the Study Isolates
Fifty-two NTHi and 20 H. haemolyticus strains, in which 47 NTHi strains were isolated from the pharyngeal swabs of patients with upper respiratory infection and others were from asymptomatic carriers, were used in this study. These isolates were identified by colony morphology and dependence on X and V growth factors. All of the isolates were tested with polyvalent and monovalent antisera (2 ml; Remel Europe Ltd., Kent, United Kingdom), and no agglutination was observed. ß-hemolysis was evaluated by culturing strains on rabbit blood agar which contained heart infusion dehydrated medium and 5% defibrinated rabbit blood.
For the identification of nonhemolytic isolates, several tests were conducted as follows: (1) P6 gene sequencing. The P6 gene was sequenced and translated into a predicted amino acid sequence for each isolate, as specified by the reference protocol [8]. Four key residues in the P6 sequence were compared to the reference strains. (2) PCR of fucK and hpd genes. One standard PCR assay targeting the fucK gene [26] and one real-time PCR assay (hpd#3) [13] were performed on these strains. (3) The phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences. The same primers were used to amplify and sequence the 16S rRNA gene (forward 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′, reverse 5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTGAGTTT-3′) [27]. If amplification using these primers failed, an alternative forward primer (5′-ATGGCTCAGATTGAACGCTGG-3′) was used. Each PCR product was cloned into a plasmid, and one positive colony was sequenced if direct sequencing of the PCR product gave more than one peak at a single location. The procedures for the amplification and direct sequencing of the recA gene were described previously [26]. The selection and concatenation of the 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences, sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were conducted as described by Binks et al. [10]. The reference sequence of NTHi PittGG (GenBank accession No. CP000672) was analyzed, and the phylogenetic tree was rooted by one H. parainfluenzae strain (SZ56). These results were taken into account in the definition of NTHi and H. haemolyticus. Isolates that clustered with NTHi reference strains in the phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA and recA genes and with NTHi in two of the other three tests, were defined as NTHi; the remaining isolates were defined as H. haemolyticus.
Sample Preparation for MALDI-TOF MS
Each strain was recovered on commercial chocolate agar plates supplemented with X and V growth factors. After culture at 37°C in a CO2 incubator (5%) overnight, one typical colony was subcultured for 18 to 24 hours. The cultures were visually checked for purity, and the ethanol/formic acid preparatory extraction method was used to prepare samples for MALDI-TOF MS analysis [28]. Two spots were prepared for each sample. A 1 µl volume of each supernatant protein sample was dropped onto an MSP 96 target ground steel 600-µm sample target (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) and allowed to dry before adding 1 µl of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) [saturated matrix solution in 50% acetonitrile and 2.5% trifluoroacetic acid].
Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
The Microflex LT™ (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) mass spectrometer was used for data acquisition. Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was used as an external reference to calibrate the equipment, with a peak assignment tolerance of 250 ppm. The Microflex LT™ was equipped with an N2 laser (λ = 377 nm). The software used for data acquisition was FlexControl™ (version 3.0, Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany). The parameters used were as follows: mass range, 2,000–20,000 Da; ion source 1, 20 kV; ion source 2, 18.5 kV; lens, 8.45 kV; pulsed ion extraction, 320 ns; and laser frequency, 20.0 Hz. Each spectrum contained 100 shots, and 500 shots were superimposed to generate the total spectrum.
Construction of the MALDI-TOF MS Reference Database
The Biotyper database contains only 10 H. influenzae references (these spectra are provided in the Biotyper software) (ORD) and no H. haemolyticus reference. Thus, in this study, a reference database was constructed using the automated functionality of the Biotyper (version 2.0) software package. Twenty strictly defined NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains (10 of each species) were included in the construction of the Biotyper reference database. For each database entry, 20 individually measured mass spectra were imported into the software. After spectrum smoothing, baseline correction, and peak picking, the resulting peak lists were used by the program to calculate and store a main spectrum containing information on the average peak mass, average peak intensity, and frequency.
Evaluation of the MALDI-TOF MS Reference Database
For microorganism identification, the raw spectra of the unknown bacteria were imported into Biotyper software and analyzed by a built-in main spectra projection (MSP) feature, which is a proprietary algorithm for spectral pattern matching that returns a logarithmic score of 0 (no similarity) to 3 (absolute identity). The peak lists of unknown bacteria were compared with each entry in the Biotyper database, which currently contains 4015 bacterial reference spectra (NRD), including the 20 newly created reference spectra, using the standard parameters of the pattern-matching algorithm.
Forty-two NTHi and 10 H. haemolyticus isolates were used to evaluate the ORD and NRD. Scores ≥2.300 were rated as having a high degree of credibility at the species level; scores ≥2.000 were considered to indicate identification at the species level; scores from 1.700–1.999 were considered to indicate identification at least at the genus level; and scores <1.700 were interpreted as providing no identification information.
The 20 NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains which were used to construct the Biotyper reference database were also tested by searching the ORD and NRD−minus. The NRD−minus was the NRD containing 4014 reference spectra without the spectra of the tested strain.
The MSP Dendrogram
To visualize the phylogenetic distance between NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains and the relationship between Chinese and foreign H. influenzae strains, MSP dendrogram clustering of the 30 reference strains (10 original H. influenzae strains which were provided in the Biotyper reference database, 10 Chinese H. influenzae isolates, and 10 Chinese H. haemolyticus strains) in the MSP database was carried out using the standard settings in Biotyper.
Results
Reference Database Construction
For each database entry, individually measured mass spectra of NTHi and H. haemolyticus were imported into MSP, which performs normalization, smoothing, baseline correction and peak picking and generates a list of the most significant peaks. The program then calculates a major spectrum that contains the average peak mass, the average peak intensity and frequency. Twenty reference spectra were added to the ORD based on the newly created spectra of NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains that were isolated from China (Table 1). All of the newly entered NTHi strains were positive for the amplification of fucK and hpd genes.
Evaluation of the MALDI-TOF MS Reference Database
Among the 52 strains (42 NTHi and 10 H. haemolyticus) used to evaluate the MALDI-TOF MS reference database, the fucK and hpd genes were amplified from 42 (100%) and 37 (88.1%) of the NTHi strains, respectively. All 10 H. haemolyticus strains were negative in the fucK and hpd assays, and specific key residues in the P6 sequences of all 52 strains were in accordance with those of the relative reference strains.
By searching the ORD (3995 reference spectra), 38 (90.5%) and 30 (71.4%) of the 42 evaluation NTHi strains were identified at the genus level and species level, respectively; no strain was identified with a score greater than 2.3, while 4 strains were not identified. Comparatively, all 42 of the NTHi strains (100%) used to evaluate the MALDI-TOF MS reference database were identified at the species level by searching the NRD (4015 reference spectra). All NTHi strain first matched a reference spectrum from China in the database, with one exception, SC70040, matched H. influenzae ATCC 35056 THL. A total of 21 (50.0%) strains had scores higher than 2.3, which indicated a high degree of credibility at the species level. Five NTHi isolates that were hpd negative were identified as H. influenzae, all with scores higher than 2.0 (Figure 1).
The highlighted strains were used to construct the MALDI-TOF MS reference database. aHi, H. influenza bSpecific amino acid residues in the P6 gene sequence at positions 33, 42, 59 and 61 cNRI, no reliable identification dHh, H. haemolyticus eParaHi, H. parainfluenzae fH. parainfluenzae, root of the phylogenetic tree.
For the identification of H. haemolyticus, 7 out of the 10 evaluation strains were recognized as H. influenzae with scores lower than 2.0 when referencing the ORD, and 3 were not identified. However, they were correctly identified at the species level by searching the NRD, and 2 (20%) of them were identified with scores greater than 2.3.
By searching the ORD, no H. haemolyticus and all NTHi strains which were used to construct the Biotyper reference database were correctly identified at the species level. But when searching the NRD−minus, all the 20 reference NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains were correctly identified. Fifteen of them (75%) had scores higher than 2.3.
A comparison of the existing differentiation methods and the newly established MALDI-TOF MS method is shown in Figure 1.
The MSP Dendrogram
A score-oriented MSP dendrogram was generated using the default settings in Biotyper 2.0 for the 30 H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus strains that were included in the MSP database. The NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains were categorized into two distinct groups. The H. influenzae strains from China and other foreign areas were also separated into two categories (Figure 2).
Discussion
Because only 10 H. influenzae strains and no H. haemolyticus were included in the initial Biotyper 2.0 database, Chinese strains received low scores when compared to the reference strains. In this study, 20 strictly defined H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus strains were added to the database, enabling the accurate identification of the other Chinese strains. Therefore, an important and significant contribution of our study is that it extends and enriches the database for the identification of H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus strains.
The aim of this study was identifying a novel method for discriminating NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains. Although the NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains were separated into two distinct species by the phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences, which demonstrated a good distinguishing ability of this method, direct sequencing of the 16S rRNA PCR product did not provide unambiguous results for some strains. Alignment of the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of reference NTHi strains shows that the six copies in one complete genome are not consistent. By MALDI-TOF MS, NTHi and H. haemolyticus were unambiguously distinguished from each other. The two species expressed distinct spectra in the MSP dendrogram, which showed that MALDI-TOF MS was a reliable method for discriminating NTHi and H. haemolyticus. Additionally, this detection method is suitable for high-throughput application and is very rapid compared to the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences. In the definition of NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains, three other methods were also applied to ensure the accuracy. Although previous studies [10], [14] had shown less than 100% sensitivity and specificity for these methods, the testing results were consistent with each other in this study, except for the hpd#3 assay. This result guarantees the reliability of the definition of NTHi and H. haemolyticus, but it also suggests that the newly extended reference database should be evaluated with strains that were negative by other identification methods.
In the MSP dendrogram, H. influenzae strains from China and other areas were classified into two distinct categories, which revealed the difference between the protein mass spectra of these two panels of strains. This finding may explain why the majority of Chinese strains were only compared to those from China. Additionally, this provides a theoretical foundation for establishing a region-specific MALDI-TOF MS reference database. However, considering that some H. influenzae reference strains in the ORD are serotypable, the difference between spectra of H. influenzae strains from different countries cannot reflect the true distinction between the H. influenzae strains of two regions.
Although the aim of this research was to establish a new method for differentiating NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains, we compared the unknown bacteria with all of the entries in the Biotyper database. Therefore, there is a chance that NTHi and H. haemolyticus strains could be confused with those of other genera or other Haemophilus species. In fact, one H. haemolyticus strain was recognized as H. parainfluenzae at the genus level by searching the ORD. Therefore, 10 H. parahaemophilus and 3 H. parahaemolyticus strains were also analyzed to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS was suitable to identify H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus. Encouragingly, all of these strains were accurately identified, which confirmed the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify NTHi and H. haemolyticus and also implied that this method has the potential to be used for the identification of other Haemophilus species.
In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS was an excellent method for differentiating NTHi and H. haemolyticus. This method can be recommended in appropriately equipped laboratories.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: BQZ DX ZJS JZZ. Performed the experiments: BQZ DX HFZ YCZ YG LX JL YTW. Analyzed the data: BQZ DX. Wrote the paper: BQZ.
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