Reviews and feature articlesAcid stress in the pathology of asthmaā
Section snippets
Exogenous airways acidification (inhalation of acid)
The effects of inhaled acids are primarily related to the titratable acidity as opposed to the pH of the fluid inhaled.1 A weak acid (ie, acetic acid) at a pH of 4.6 could have a greater effect on the airway than a strong acid (ie, hydrochloric acid) at the same pH because the concentration of acetic acid is much greater than the concentration of hydrochloric acid required to achieve a given pH.
Several epidemiologic studies invoke acid fogs as important risk factors for asthma and bronchitis,2.
Acid and release of tachykinins
Capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons belong to a subpopulation of neurons with thinly myelinated or unmyelinated fibers of the AĪ“ and C types that contain neuropeptides.41 These neurons are named for their ability to be stimulated by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient contained in a variety of red peppers of the genus Capsicum, and express neuropeptide transmitters in their central and peripheral terminals. In 1878, A. Hƶgyes noted that the irritant action of an extract of Capsicum
Conclusions
Regulation of pulmonary lumenal pH, like that of gastrointestinal and renal tubular pH, is of physiologic importance and involves complex biochemistry. Acidification appears to represent an innate immune response and host defense mechanism that might be dysregulated in a broad spectrum of pulmonary diseases, including asthma. Although toxic to certain airway pathogens, this endogenous acidification, like exogenous acidification, also can contribute to pulmonary pathology through diverse
References (98)
- et al.
Effects of naturally-occurring acid fog on inflammatory mediators in airway and pulmonary functions in asthmatic patients
Respir Med
(2000) Exhaled breath condensate: an evolving tool for noninvasive evaluation of lung disease
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2002)- et al.
Exhaled breath condensate acidification in acute lung injury
Respir Med
(2003) - et al.
Metabolic activation of A549 human airway epithelial cells by organic dust: a study based on microphysiometry
Life Sci
(2002) - et al.
Twenty-four-hour tracheal pH monitoringāa simple and non-hazardous investigation
Respir Med
(1994) - et al.
Protons: small stimulants of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves
Trends Neurosci
(1994) - et al.
The dual nature of the tachykinin NK1 receptor
Trends Pharmacol Sci
(1997) - et al.
Interactions between inflammatory cells and nerves
Curr Opin Pharmacol
(2002) - et al.
Effects of specific tachykinin receptor antagonists on citric acid-induced cough and bronchoconstriction in unanesthetized guinea pigs
Eur J Pharmacol
(1996) - et al.
Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on cough threshold in patients with bronchial asthma
Pulm Pharmacol Ther
(2001)
Influence of buffer capacity and pH-dependent rheological properties of respiratory mucus on health effects due to acidic pollution
Sci Total Environ
Cough and bronchoconstriction mediated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in the guinea-pig
Pulm Pharmacol
Inhibitory effects of capsazepine and SR 48968 on citric acid-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs
Eur J Pharmacol
Neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-2 antagonism inhibits long-term acid fog-induced airway hyperresponsiveness
Chest
The deleterious effect of reduced pH and hypoxia on neutrophil migration in vitro
J Surg Res
Motility of IL-2-stimulated lymphocytes in neutral and acidified extracellular matrix
Cell Immunol
Eosinophil recruitment to the airway nerves
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Mechanisms of gastric juice-induced hyperpermeability of the cultured human tracheal epithelium
Chest
On the pH-dependent yield of hydroxyl radical products from peroxynitrite
Free Radic Biol Med
Nitrotyrosine formation in the airways and lung parenchyma of patients with asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Increased levels of nitric oxide derivatives in induced sputum in patients with asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Oxidant activity in expired breath of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome
Lancet
Reactive nitrogen intermediates and antimicrobial activity: role of nitrite
Free Radic Biol Med
Potential bronchoconstrictor stimuli in acid fog
Environ Health Perspect
Study by questionnaire of the influence of weather conditions, particularly fog, on the symptomatology of asthmatic subjects
Rev Mal Respir
The association of ambient air pollution with twice daily peak expiratory flow rate measurements in children
Am J Epidemiol
The roles of pH and ionic species in sulfur dioxide- and sulfite-induced bronchoconstriction
Am Rev Respir Dis
Human health effects of exposure to airborne acid
Environ Health Perspect
Acidity potentiates bronchoconstriction induced by hypoosmolar aerosols
Am Rev Respir Dis
Endogenous airway acidification. Implications for asthma pathophysiology
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Nebulized sodium bicarbonate in acute chlorine inhalation
Pediatr Emerg Care
Sodium and chloride concentrations, pH, and depth of airway surface liquid in distal airways
J Gen Physiol
pH of mucus in rabbit trachea: cholinergic stimulation and block
Lung
pH of mucus in rat trachea
J Appl Physiol
Physical properties of sputum. 3. Rheologic variability and intrinsic relationships
Am Rev Respir Dis
pH and concentration of bilirubin in feeding tube aspirates as predictors of tube placement
Nurs Res
Exhaled breath condensate pH is a robust and reproducible assay of airway acidity
Eur Respir J
Bacterial adherence to respiratory tract cells. Relationships between in vivo and in vitro pH and bacterial attachment
Am Rev Respir Dis
Airway surface pH in subjects with cystic fibrosis
Eur Respir J
Endogenous airway acidification and oxidant overload in infectious exacerbation of COPD
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
pH in Expired Breath Condensate of Patients with Inflammatory Airway Diseases
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Airways in cystic fibrosis are acidified: detection by exhaled breath condensate
Thorax
Exhaled breath condensate acidification during rhinovirus cold
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Ionic regulation of proton chemical (pH) and electrical gradients in lung lamellar bodies
Am J Physiol
Expression of the Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO-3 exchanger isoforms in proximal and distal human airways
Am J Physiol
Acid secretion and proton conductance in human airway epithelium
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
Bicarbonate and chloride secretion in Calu-3 human airway epithelial cells
J Gen Physiol
Expression and activity of pH-regulatory glutaminase in the human airway epithelium
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Acid lability of rhinoviruses: loss of C and D antigenicity after treatment at pH 3.0
J Immunol
Cited by (188)
Exhaled breath condensate analysis in horses: A scoping review
2024, Research in Veterinary ScienceOn using an aerosol thermodynamic model to calculate aerosol acidity of coarse particles
2024, Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)Association of longitudinal changes in quality of life with comorbidities and exacerbations in patients with severe asthma
2022, Allergology InternationalTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V (TRPV) and its importance in asthma.
2022, European Journal of PharmacologyAFM detects the effects of acidic condition on the size and biomechanical properties of native/oxidized low-density lipoprotein
2021, Colloids and Surfaces B: BiointerfacesBioresponsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
2020, Journal of Controlled Release
- ā
Dr Ricciardolo was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2001), and Drs Gaston and Hunt were supported by the United States National Institutes of Health/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Education and Research Trust. Dr Hunt is a Parker B. Francis Fellow in Pulmonary Research.