Independent risk factors for test-confirmed COVID-19: final multivariable model (n=14 556)
Characteristic | Categories | Fully adjusted OR (95% CI)* | P for trend | Eest (ECI) |
Age, years | 16–29.99 | 1.00 | 0.08 | |
30–39.99 | 1.20 (0.68 to 2.12) | |||
40–49.99 | 1.20 (0.69 to 2.10) | |||
50–59.99 | 1.12 (0.65 to 1.93) | |||
60–69.99 | 0.80 (0.44 to 1.44) | |||
≥70.00 | 0.74 (0.39 to 1.41) | |||
Sex | Female | 1.00 | — | |
Male | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.23) | |||
Ethnicity | Asian/Asian British | 2.28 (1.33 to 3.91) | — | 3.99 (1.99) |
Black/African/Caribbean/black British | 1.84 (0.70 to 4.82) | |||
Mixed/multiple/other ethnic groups | 1.53 (0.92 to 2.53) | |||
White | 1.00 | |||
Highest educational level attained | Primary/secondary | 1.00 | 0.08 | |
Higher/further (A levels) | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.33) | |||
College | 0.82 (0.58 to 1.15) | |||
Postgraduate | 0.74 (0.51 to 1.07) | |||
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) rank, quartiles | Q1 (most deprived) | 1.11 (0.84 to 1.48) | 0.44 | |
Q2 | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.20) | |||
Q3 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | |||
Q4 (least deprived) | 1.00 | |||
Housing | Owns own home | 1.00 | — | |
Mortgage | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.56) | |||
Privately renting | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.46) | |||
Renting from council | 0.96 (0.53 to 1.74) | |||
Others | 1.34 (0.81 to 2.21) | |||
Number of people per bedroom† | ≤0.50 | 1.00 | <0.001 | |
>0.50–0.99 | 1.24 (0.93 to 1.66) | |||
1.00–1.99 | 1.67 (1.25 to 2.23) | 2.73 (1.81) | ||
≥2.00 | 2.04 (1.15 to 3.60) | 3.52 (1.43) | ||
Schoolchildren (aged 5–15 years) at home with participant | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.56) | |||
Dog at home | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.47) | |||
Shielding | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.68) | |||
Any visits to/from other households in week prior to questionnaire completion | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.62) | 1.95 (1.31) | ||
Number of visits to shops and other indoor public places in week prior to questionnaire completion‡ | Q1 | 1.00 | <0.001 | |
Q2 | 1.96 (1.29 to 2.98) | 3.33 (1.90) | ||
Q3 | 2.21 (1.43 to 3.43) | 3.84 (2.21) | ||
Q4 | 2.63 (1.69 to 4.10) | 4.70 (2.77) | ||
Travel to work/study in week prior to questionnaire completion | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.36 (0.93 to 1.99) | |||
Not currently working or studying | 1.27 (0.82 to 1.95) | |||
Frontline worker | No | 1.00 | — | |
Health or social care worker | 1.35 (1.00 to 1.82) | 2.04 (1.02) | ||
Other frontline worker | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.98) | 2.34 (1.49) | ||
Number of portions of fruit, vegetables and salad intake per day in week prior to questionnaire completion, quartiles | Q1 | 1.00 | 0.31 | |
Q2 | 1.00 (0.75 to 1.35) | |||
Q3 | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.45) | |||
Q4 | 0.86 (0.63 to 1.19) | |||
Taking vitamin D supplement | No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.16) | |||
Hours of lower impact physical activity in week prior to questionnaire completion§ | 0 | 1.00 | 0.22 | |
1 | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.31) | |||
≥2 | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.09) | |||
Estimated average hours of sleep per night in month prior to questionnaire completion¶ | ≤6 | 1.14 (0.79 to 1.65) | 0.31** | |
7 | 1.14 (0.88 to 1.48) | |||
8 | 1.00 | |||
≥9 | 1.29 (1.01 to 1.66) | 1.90 (1.11) | ||
Alcohol consumption in week prior to questionnaire completion, units | None | 1.00 | 0.39 | |
1–7 | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.44) | |||
8–14 | 1.08 (0.79 to 1.47) | |||
15–21 | 1.45 (1.01 to 2.08) | |||
22–28 | 1.23 (0.72 to 2.11) | |||
>28 | 0.83 (0.43 to 1.60) | |||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | <25 | 1.00 | 0.004 | |
25–30 | 1.50 (1.19 to 1.89) | 2.37 (1.67) | ||
>30 | 1.39 (1.06 to 1.84) | 2.13 (1.31) | ||
Asthma | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 0.82 (0.55 to 1.24) | |||
Atopic disease†† | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 0.75 (0.59 to 0.97) | 2.00 (1.21) | ||
Periodontitis‡‡ | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.52) | |||
Missing | 1.03 (0.77 to 1.37) | |||
Systemic immunosuppressants | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 0.47 (0.22 to 0.99) | 3.68 (1.11) | ||
Inhaled corticosteroids | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.01 (0.55 to 1.84) | |||
Inhaled bronchodilators§§ | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.07 (0.61 to 1.88) | |||
BCG-vaccinated | No | 1.00 | — | |
Yes | 1.38 (0.97 to 1.96) | |||
Unsure | 1.24 (0.78 to 1.99) | |||
Duration of participation, days | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | — | ||
Swab test frequency | 1.62 (1.52 to 1.72) | — |
*Adjusted for age, sex, duration of participation, test frequency, ethnicity, highest educational level attained, IMD rank, hours of sleep per night, housing, number of people per bedroom, presence of schoolchildren at home, dog at home, shielding, visits to/from other households, visits to shops and other indoor places, travel to work or study, frontline worker status, fruit, vegetable and salad intake, supplemental vitamin D intake, low-impact physical activity, alcohol intake, body mass index, history of asthma, history of atopic disease, use of systemic immunosuppressants, use of inhaled corticosteroids, use of inhaled bronchodilators and BCG vaccination status.
†Adjusted OR per additional 0.5 people per bedroom 1.26 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.43).
‡Adjusted OR per extra visit per week 1.05 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.09).
§Defined as exercise to improve flexibility or core strength such as yoga, tai chi or Pilates, reported to the nearest hour.
¶Reported to the nearest hour.
**Only applies to sleeping categories below 8 hours.
††Defined by atopic eczema/dermatitis and/or hayfever/allergic rhinitis.
‡‡Defined as being present if participant answered ‘yes’ to any of the three questions relating to gum disease/dental health listed in online supplemental table 2.
§§Defined as β-2 adrenoceptor agonists or anticholinergics.
ECI, E-value for 95% CI; Eest, E-value for point estimate.