Number (%) with incident test-confirmed COVID-19 | Total number | Crude OR (95% CI) | Minimally adjusted OR (95% CI)* | ||
Age, years | 16–29.99 | 26 (4.5) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
30–39.99 | 47 (4.8) | 1.06 (0.65 to 1.73) | 1.08 (0.65 to 1.78) | ||
40–49.99 | 94 (5.3) | 1.17 (0.75 to 1.83) | 1.24 (0.79 to 1.95) | ||
50–59.99 | 135 (4.0) | 0.89 (0.58 to 1.36) | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.49) | ||
60–69.99 | 97 (1.9) | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.64) | 0.49 (0.31 to 0.77) | ||
≥70.00 | 47 (1.4) | 0.30 (0.18 to 0.48) | 0.39 (0.24 to 0.64) | ||
Sex | Female | 329 (3.1) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 117 (2.5) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.01) | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.34) | ||
Ethnicity | Asian/Asian British | 18 (6.4) | 15 227 | 2.39 (1.46 to 3.88) | 1.99 (1.20 to 3.30) |
Black/African/Caribbean/black British | 6 (6.3) | 2.32 (1.01 to 5.34) | 1.98 (0.84 to 4.65) | ||
Mixed/multiple/other ethnic groups | 19 (4.7) | 1.73 (1.08 to 2.78) | 1.40 (0.86 to 2.28) | ||
White | 403 (2.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Highest educational level attained | Primary/secondary | 51 (3.1) | 15 212 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Higher/further (A levels) | 69 (3.1) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.44) | 0.86 (0.59 to 1.25) | ||
College | 197 (2.9) | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.29) | 0.75 (0.54 to 1.03) | ||
Postgraduate | 129 (2.8) | 0.90 (0.65 to 1.25) | 0.62 (0.44 to 0.87) | ||
Index of Multiple Deprivation rank, quartiles | Q1 (most deprived) | 131 (3.6) | 15 152 | 1.30 (1.01 to 1.69) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.60) |
Q2 | 108 (2.8) | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.34) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) | ||
Q3 | 97 (2.5) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.19) | ||
Q4 (least deprived) | 107 (2.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Household income sufficient for basic needs | Yes | 416 (2.9) | 15 225 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mostly/sometimes/no | 30 (3.0) | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.47) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.25) | ||
Claiming universal credit | No | 425 (2.9) | 15 178 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 19 (4.7) | 1.65 (1.03 to 2.64) | 1.25 (0.77 to 2.03) | ||
Housing | Owns own home | 189 (2.0) | 15 225 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mortgage | 173 (4.6) | 2.34 (1.90 to 2.89) | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.74) | ||
Privately renting | 40 (3.7) | 1.88 (1.33 to 2.66) | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.73) | ||
Renting from council | 16 (3.4) | 1.68 (1.00 to 2.82) | 1.20 (0.70 to 2.07) | ||
Others | 28 (4.6) | 2.33 (1.55 to 3.49) | 1.54 (0.95 to 2.49) | ||
Frontline worker | No | 276 (2.2) | 15 213 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health or social care worker | 90 (7.7) | 3.69 (2.89 to 4.72) | 1.68 (1.28 to 2.21) | ||
Other frontline worker | 80 (5.1) | 2.37 (1.84 to 3.06) | 1.85 (1.42 to 2.42) | ||
Shielding | No | 423 (3.0) | 15 171 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 23 (2.0) | 0.64 (0.42 to 0.98) | 0.63 (0.41 to 0.97) | ||
Number of people per bedroom | ≥0.50 | 98 (1.7) | 15 114 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0.50–0.99 | 110 (2.6) | 1.58 (1.20 to 2.08) | 1.34 (1.01 to 1.78) | ||
1–1.99 | 213 (4.5) | 2.74 (2.15 to 3.49) | 1.91 (1.46 to 2.50) | ||
≥2.00 | 19 (5.7) | 3.54 (2.14 to 5.87) | 2.41 (1.40 to 4.13) | ||
Any visits to/from other households in week prior to questionnaire completion | No | 202 (2.7) | 15 217 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 244 (3.2) | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.46) | 1.46 (1.19 to 1.80) | ||
Preschool children (0–4 years old) at home with participant | No | 416 (2.8) | 15 191 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 30 (5.9) | 2.15 (1.47 to 3.15) | 1.19 (0.77 to 1.84) | ||
Schoolchildren (5–15 years old) at home with participant | No | 351 (2.6) | 15 182 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 95 (5.5) | 2.18 (1.73 to 2.75) | 1.42 (1.08 to 1.87) | ||
Working-age adult (16–64 years old) at home with participant | No | 117 (1.6) | 15 183 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 329 (4.2) | 2.74 (2.21 to 3.39) | 1.86 (1.45 to 2.41) | ||
Number of different generations in household | Living alone | 46 (1.6) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Single generation | 230 (2.8) | 1.78 (1.29 to 2.45) | 1.66 (1.19 to 2.30) | ||
Two generations | 164 (4.1) | 2.62 (1.88 to 3.64) | 2.08 (1.48 to 2.94) | ||
Three generations | 6 (5.0) | 3.27 (1.37 to 7.83) | 2.54 (1.04 to 6.23) | ||
Cat at home | No | 344 (2.9) | 15 215 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 102 (3.1) | 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33) | 0.88 (0.70 to 1.12) | ||
Dog at home | No | 317 (2.7) | 15 215 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 129 (3.6) | 1.33 (1.08 to 1.64) | 1.21 (0.97 to 1.50) | ||
Number of public transport journeys in week prior to questionnaire completion | 0 | 393 (2.9) | 15 175 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–5 | 35 (3.0) | 1.02 (0.72 to 1.45) | 1.12 (0.78 to 1.61) | ||
≥6 | 17 (3.7) | 1.29 (0.79 to 2.12) | 1.37 (0.82 to 2.28) | ||
Travel to work/study in week prior to questionnaire completion | No | 37 (2.5) | 15 042 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 318 (3.8) | 1.54 (1.09 to 2.18) | 1.71 (1.20 to 2.44) | ||
Not currently working or studying | 88 (1.7) | 0.68 (0.46 to 1.00) | 1.20 (0.79 to 1.81) | ||
Number of visits to shops and other indoor public places in week prior to questionnaire completion, quartiles | Q1 | 33 (1.5) | 15 207 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 151 (3.0) | 2.05 (1.40 to 2.99) | 2.23 (1.51 to 3.29) | ||
Q3 | 118 (3.3) | 2.25 (1.52 to 3.32) | 2.77 (1.85 to 4.14) | ||
Q4 | 144 (3.2) | 2.16 (1.48 to 3.17) | 3.38 (2.25 to 5.07) | ||
Tobacco smoking status | Never smoker | 247 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex-smoker | 165 (2.8) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.19) | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.35) | ||
Current smoker | 34 (4.1) | 1.42 (0.99 to 2.05) | 1.24 (0.85 to 1.82) | ||
Regular exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home or in car | No | 433 (2.9) | 15 226 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 13 (3.9) | 1.35 (0.77 to 2.37) | 1.17 (0.66 to 2.09) | ||
Vaping status | Never vaper | 410 (2.9) | 15 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex-vaper | 16 (3.2) | 1.12 (0.67 to 1.86) | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.50) | ||
Current vaper | 19 (4.0) | 1.40 (0.88 to 2.24) | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.69) | ||
Alcohol consumption in week prior to questionnaire completion, units | None | 119 (2.8) | 15 225 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–7 | 162 (3.0) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.37) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) | ||
8–14 | 85 (2.9) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.37) | 1.07 (0.80 to 1.43) | ||
15–21 | 51 (3.6) | 1.30 (0.93 to 1.82) | 1.40 (0.99 to 1.98) | ||
22–28 | 17 (2.6) | 0.93 (0.55 to 1.55) | 1.10 (0.65 to 1.87) | ||
>28 | 12 (2.3) | 0.84 (0.46 to 1.52) | 0.95 (0.52 to 1.76) | ||
Hours of vigorous physical exercise in week prior to questionnaire completion† | 0 | 171 (2.9) | 15 176 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 163 (2.9) | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.18) | ||
≥4 | 109 (2.9) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.27) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.32) | ||
Hours of light physical exercise in week prior to questionnaire completion‡ | 0–4 | 189 (3.6) | 15 192 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
5–9 | 140 (2.8) | 0.76 (0.61 to 0.95) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) | ||
≥10 | 117 (2.4) | 0.64 (0.51 to 0.81) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.14) | ||
Hours of lower impact physical activity in week prior to questionnaire completion§ | 0 | 274 (3.1) | 15 176 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 88 (3.1) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.16) | ||
≥2 | 83 (2.3) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.94) | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.98) | ||
Estimated average hours of sleep per night in month prior to questionnaire completion¶ | ≤6 | 41 (3.1) | 15 223 | 1.22 (0.86 to 1.73) | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.64) |
7 | 113 (3.1) | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.53) | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.59) | ||
8 | 159 (2.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
≥9 | 133 (3.3) | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.62) | 1.26 (0.99 to 1.60) |
Minimally adjusted ORs (95% CI) with a p value of <0.10 are emboldened.
*Adjusted for age, sex, duration of participation and test frequency.
†Defined as exercise of sufficient intensity to make the participant breathless or to raise their heart rate significantly, such as heavy physical work, strenuous gardening (eg, vigorous digging, landscaping), swimming, jogging, aerobics, football, tennis, cycling and gym workout, reported to the nearest hour.
‡Defined as exercise that did not make the participant breathless, such as light gardening, walking, including walking for pleasure or exercise, walking to the shops and walking to work, reported to the nearest hour.
§Defined as exercise to improve flexibility or core strength such as yoga, tai chi or Pilates, reported to the nearest hour.
¶Reported to the nearest hour.