Demographic and clinical characteristics of the observational study cohort from UK Biobank
| Parameter | Overall study population | Study participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | Study participants with recorded COVID-19-related hospitalisation | Study participants with COVID-19-related death |
| Number | 421 469 | 1649 | 968 | 444 |
| Age group (at study start) (years) | ||||
| 40–49 | 1213 (0.29) | <10 | 0 | 0 (0) |
| 50–59 | 97 372 (23.10) | 492 (29.84) | 141 (14.57) | 19 (4.28) |
| 60–69 | 140 664 (33.37) | 400 (24.26) | 236 (24.38) | 71 (15.99) |
| 70–79 | 174 520 (41.41) | 696 (42.21) | 549 (56.71) | 317 (71.40) |
| 80+ | 7700 (1.83) | 59 (2.52) | 42 (4.34) | 37 (8.33) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 232 366 (55.13) | 787 (47.73) | 373 (38.53) | 164 (36.94) |
| Male | 189 103 (44.87) | 862 (52.27) | 595 (61.47) | 280 (63.06) |
| Townsend quintile | ||||
| 1 (most affluent) | 193 357 (45.88) | 563 (34.16) | 315 (32.54) | 147 (33.18) |
| 2 | 93 928 (22.29) | 362 (21.97) | 199 (20.56) | 84 (18.96) |
| 3 | 61 227 (14.53) | 273 (16.57) | 152 (15.70) | 74 (16.70) |
| 4 | 50 180 (11.91) | 277 (16.81) | 174 (17.98) | 87 (19.64) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 22 280 (5.29) | 173 (10.50) | 128 (13.22) | 51 (11.51) |
| Not recorded | 497 (0.12) | <10 | 0 | 0 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Underweight | 1942 (0.46) | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Healthy | 134 323 (31.87) | 375 (22.74) | 168 (17.36) | 82 (18.47) |
| Overweight | 177 246 (42.05) | 682 (41.36) | 394 (40.70) | 179 (40.32) |
| Obese | 72 340 (17.16) | 338 (20.50) | 229 (23.66) | 99 (22.30) |
| Severely obese | 27 957 (6.63) | 198 (12.01) | 142 (20.34) | 61 (13.73) |
| Not recorded | 7661 (1.82) | 50 (3.03) | 32 (3.31) | 20 (4.50) |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| White | 394 113 (93.51) | 1429 (97.28) | 836 (86.27) | 401 (90.32) |
| Mixed race | 2630 (0.62) | 13 (0.79) | <10 | <10 |
| Asian/Asian British | 7453 (1.77) | 60 (3.64) | 32 (3.30) | <10 |
| Chinese | 1421 (0.34) | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Other Asian | 1681 (0.40) | 13 (0.79) | <10 | <10 |
| Black/Black British | 7615 (1.81) | 84 (5.09) | 60 (6.20) | 23 (5.18) |
| Other | 4162 (0.99) | 31 (1.88) | 17 (1.76) | <10 |
| Not recorded | 2394 (0.57) | 12 (0.73) | <10 | <10 |
| Last recorded smoking status | ||||
| Never-smoker | 248 952 (59.07) | 849 (51.49) | 440 (45.45) | 159 (35.81) |
| Former smoker | 155 594 (36.91) | 717 (43.48) | 457 (47.21) | 223 (50.22) |
| Light smoker (1–9/day) | 3947 (0.94) | 18 (1.09) | 12 (1.24) | <10 |
| Moderate smoker (10–19/day) | 5799 (1.38) | 26 (1.58) | 25 (2.58) | 20 (4.50) |
| Heavy smoker (20+/day) | 3965 (0.94) | 13 (0.79) | 14 (1.45) | 16 (3.60) |
| Not recorded | 3212 (0.76) | 26 (1.58) | 20 | 0 |
| Comorbidities not related to smoking | ||||
| Bronchiectasis | 545 (0.13) | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1204 (0.29) | 15 (0.91) | 13 (1.34) | <10 |
| Cystic fibrosis | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 835 (5.18) | 177 (10.73) | 124 (12.81) | 71 (15.99) |
| Interstitial lung disease | 284 (0.07) | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Smoking-related comorbidities | ||||
| Asthma | 2382 (0.57) | 18 (1.09) | 11 (1.14) | <10 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 8125 (1.93) | 62 (3.76) | 42 (4.34) | 30 (6.75) |
| COPD | 3373 (0.80) | 29 (1.76) | 29 (3.00) | 19 (4.28) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 704 (0.17) | 16 (0.97) | <10 | <10 |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 1329 (0.32) | 26 (1.58) | 24 (2.48) | 15 (3.38) |
| Hypertension | 1196 (0.28) | 11 (0.68) | <10 | <10 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 24 848 (5.90) | 175 (10.61) | 137 (14.15) | 77 (17.34) |
| Lung cancer | 696 (0.17) | 10 (0.61) | <10 | <10 |
Figures in parentheses correspond to the column percentage.