Underlying conditions, medication use, vaccination status and risk of test-confirmed COVID-19: crude and minimally adjusted ORs
| Number (%) with incident test-confirmed COVID-19 | Total number | Crude OR (95% CI) | Minimally adjusted OR (95% CI)* | ||
| Underlying conditions | |||||
| Self-rated general health | Excellent | 89 (2.9) | 15 225 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Very good | 174 (2.9) | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.38) | ||
| Good | 120 (3.0) | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.35) | 1.03 (0.77 to 1.37) | ||
| Fair | 52 (3.2) | 1.10 (0.78 to 1.56) | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.42) | ||
| Poor | 11 (2.4) | 0.84 (0.45 to 1.59) | 0.75 (0.40 to 1.43) | ||
| Self-rated anxiety or depression | No | 316 (2.8) | 15 216 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 130 (3.2) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.39) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.12) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <25 | 177 (2.4) | 15 189 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–30 | 168 (3.5) | 1.48 (1.19 to 1.83) | 1.58 (1.27 to 1.97) | ||
| >30 | 100 (3.4) | 1.45 (1.13 to 1.86) | 1.37 (1.06 to 1.77) | ||
| Asthma | No | 384 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 62 (2.5) | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.07) | 0.67 (0.51 to 0.88) | ||
| Atopic disease† | No | 349 (3.1) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 97 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.01) | 0.65 (0.51 to 0.82) | ||
| COPD | No | 438 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 8 (2.5) | 0.84 (0.41 to 1.70) | 1.14 (0.55 to 2.34) | ||
| Diabetic status | No diabetes | 415 (3.0) | 15 206 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Pre-diabetes | 14 (3.1) | 1.06 (0.62 to 1.82) | 1.38 (0.79 to 2.41) | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 3 (2.8) | 0.96 (0.30 to 3.02) | 0.81 (0.25 to 2.62) | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 13 (2.1) | 0.70 (0.40 to 1.22) | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.62) | ||
| Heart disease‡ | No | 432 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 14 (2.4) | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.38) | 1.28 (0.73 to 2.25) | ||
| Arterial disease§ | No | 431 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 15 (1.9) | 0.63 (0.38 to 1.07) | 0.91 (0.53 to 1.57) | ||
| Hypertension | No | 378 (3.2) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 68 (2.1) | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.84) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.17) | ||
| Kidney disease | No | 441 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5 (1.6) | 0.54 (0.22 to 1.31) | 0.62 (0.25 to 1.52) | ||
| Major neurological conditions¶ | No | 440 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 6 (1.5) | 0.50 (0.22 to 1.12) | 0.62 (0.27 to 1.41) | ||
| Cancer | Never | 410 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Past (cured or in remission) | 33 (2.6) | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.25) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.63) | ||
| Present (active treatment in progress) | 3 (2.2) | 0.72 (0.23 to 2.27) | 0.89 (0.28 to 2.87) | ||
| Immunodeficiency** | No | 446 (2.9) | 15 140 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | Not applicable | Not applicable | ||
| Periodontitis†† | No | 240 (2.7) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 129 (3.3) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.49) | 1.30 (1.04 to 1.62) | ||
| Missing | 77 (3.05) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.45) | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.49) | ||
| Medications | |||||
| Statins | No | 398 (3.2) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 48 (1.8) | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.77) | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.29) | ||
| ACE inhibitors | No | 415 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 31 (2.1) | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.99) | 0.90 (0.62 to 1.32) | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors | No | 395 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 51 (2.4) | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.08) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.20) | ||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | No | 410 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 36 (2.5) | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.18) | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.97) | ||
| Systemic immunosuppressants | No | 437 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 9 (1.3) | 0.43 (0.22 to 0.84) | 0.39 (0.20 to 0.77) | ||
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | No | 401 (2.8) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 45 (4.2) | 1.50 (1.09 to 2.05) | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.64) | ||
| Non-SSRI antidepressants | No | 424 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 22 (3.4) | 1.19 (0.77 to 1.84) | 1.17 (0.75 to 1.83) | ||
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | No | 427 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 19 (2.2) | 0.74 (0.46 to 1.17) | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.63) | ||
| Vitamin K antagonists | No | 444 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 0.61 (0.15 to 2.46) | 0.73 (0.18 to 3.06) | ||
| Beta-blockers | No | 424 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 22 (2.0) | 0.67 (0.43 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.43) | ||
| Thiazides | No | 437 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 9 (1.8) | 0.61 (0.31 to 1.19) | 0.81 (0.41 to 1.60) | ||
| H2-receptor antagonists | No | 442 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4 (4.6) | 1.60 (0.59 to 4.39) | 1.36 (0.48 to 3.83) | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | No | 417 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 29 (2.0) | 0.64 (0.44 to 0.93) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.36) | ||
| Inhaled bronchodilators‡‡ | No | 14 (2.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 411 (3.0) | 0.84 (0.59 to 1.20) | 0.54 (0.31 to 0.94) | ||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | No | 421 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 25 (2.0) | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) | ||
| Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors | No | 444 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2 (2.5) | 0.86 (0.21 to 3.51) | 0.95 (0.23 to 4.00) | ||
| Anti-platelet drugs | No | 422 (3.0) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 24 (2.5) | 0.83 (0.55 to 1.26) | 1.29 (0.83 to 1.99) | ||
| Sex hormone therapy | No | 401 (2.8) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 45 (4.0) | 1.44 (1.05 to 1.97) | 1.19 (0.85 to 1.65) | ||
| Paracetamol | No | 430 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 16 (2.5) | 0.84 (0.51 to 1.39) | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.50) | ||
| Metformin | No | 434 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 12 (2.8) | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.67) | 1.28 (0.71 to 2.31) | ||
| Bisphosphonates | No | 441 (2.9) | 15 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5 (1.9) | 0.65 (0.27 to 1.58) | 0.76 (0.31 to 1.90) | ||
| Vaccinations | |||||
| BCG-vaccinated | No | 40 (2.0) | 15 197 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 366 (3.1) | 1.55 (1.12 to 2.16) | 1.36 (0.97 to 1.90) | ||
| Unsure | 38 (2.5) | 1.23 (0.79 to 1.93) | 1.26 (0.80 to 2.00) | ||
| MMR-vaccinated | No | 131 (2.6) | 11 451 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 226 (3.5) | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.71) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.32) | ||
Minimally adjusted ORs (95% CI) with a p value of <0.10 are bold.
*Adjusted for age, sex, duration of participation and test frequency.
†Defined by atopic eczema/dermatitis and/or hayfever/allergic rhinitis.
‡Defined as coronary artery disease or heart failure.
§Defined as ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease or cerebrovascular disease.
¶Defined as stroke, transient ischaemic attack, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis or motor neuron disease.
**Defined as HIV, primary immune deficiency or other immunodeficiency.
††Defined as being present if participant answered ‘yes’ to any of the three questions relating to gum disease/dental health listed in online supplemental table 2.
‡‡Defined as β-2 adrenoceptor agonists or anticholinergics.
MMR, measles, mumps and rubella.