Table 2

Non-invasive ventilatory strategies

Intervention	Standard care: non-invasive ventilatory strategies
Intervention	Confirmed or suspected COVID-19*			Non-COVID-19 ARDS†
Trial of therapy if immediate invasive mechanical ventilation not required	NHFO	NIV		NHFO	NIV
	CPAP	Awake proning		CPAP	Awake proning
Indicators of failure of trial of non-invasive respiratory support	‘Unacceptable’ ABG	‘Unacceptable’ work of breathing	Failure to improve	‘Unacceptable’ ABG	‘Unacceptable’ work of breathing	Failure to improve
Trial of therapy after failure of first-line strategy	An alternative non-invasive strategy	Invasive mechanical ventilation		An alternative non-invasive strategy	Invasive mechanical ventilation

For each survey question, median scores were calculated with a score of <3.5 being considered inappropriate (red background), ≥3.5 and<6.5 uncertain (amber background) and ≥6.5 appropriate (green background).
*In the context of the pandemic.
†Outside the context of the pandemic.
ABG, arterial blood gas; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; NHFO, nasal high-flow oxygen; NIV, non-invasive ventilation.