n=4231 | ||
Mothers | Fathers | |
Mean (SD) age, years | 30.9 (4.8) | 33.4 (5.6) |
Parity, nulliparous | 59.5 (2516) | – |
Ethnicity, non-European | 31.4 (1329) | 35.6 (1507) |
Education, lower | 48.1 (2034) | 48.9 (2068) |
Smoking during pregnancy, yes | 26.5 (1122) | – |
Smoking before pregnancy, yes | – | 41.6 (1761) |
Mean (SD) BMI at enrolment, kg/m2 | 24.5 (4.2) | 25.3 (3.4) |
History of asthma or atopy, yes | 37.7 (1594) | 33.7 (1425) |
Pet keeping, yes | 35.9 (1520) | – |
Psychological distress during pregnancy | ||
Overall psychological distress, continuously* | 0.15 (0.00 to 0.91) | 0.08 (0.00 to 0.55) |
Overall psychological distress, yes | 8.6 (362) | 3.9 (167) |
Depressive symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.67) |
Depressive symptoms, yes | 8.2 (348) | 4.3 (182) |
Anxiety symptoms, continuously* | 0.17 (0.00 to 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.75) |
Anxiety symptoms, yes | 9.3 (395) | 8.0 (337) |
Psychological distress at 2 months after pregnancy | ||
Overall psychological distress, continuously* | 0.13 (0.00 to 0.93) | – |
Overall psychological distress, yes | 7.9 (333) | – |
Depressive symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.08) | – |
Depressive symptoms, yes | 8.2 (349) | – |
Anxiety symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.00) | – |
Anxiety symptoms, yes | 8.3 (350) | – |
Psychological distress at 6 months after pregnancy | ||
Depressive symptoms, continuously* | 0.17 (0.00 to 1.17) | – |
Depressive symptoms, yes | 8.5 (358) | – |
Anxiety symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.17) | – |
Anxiety symptoms, yes | 9.9 (417) | – |
Psychological distress at 36 months after pregnancy | ||
Depressive symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.78) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.68) |
Depressive symptoms, yes | 5.1 (217) | 4.4 (187) |
Anxiety symptoms, continuously* | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.80) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.68) |
Anxiety symptoms, yes | 5.1 (214) | 7.7 (324) |
Data on maternal depressive (n=5) and anxiety (n=6) symptoms during pregnancy were missing and not imputed.
Values are means (SD),
*medians (5%–95% range), or valid percentages (absolute numbers).
–, not all information was available for both mothers and fathers; BMI, body mass index.