Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on symptoms and quality of life
| Placebo BRJ (n=64) | Nitrate-rich BRJ (n=53) | Treatment effect | 95% CI | P value | |
| ΔMRC dyspnoea score | 0.0 (−1.0, 0.0) | −1.0 (−1.0, −0.0) | 0 | 0 to 0 | 0.90 |
| ΔHADS-Anxiety | −1.0 (−3.0, 0.8) | −1.0 (−2.0, 0.3) | 0 | −1 to 1 | 0.58 |
| ΔHADS-Depression | −1.0 (−2.8, 1.0) | −1.0 (−3.0, 1.0) | 0 | −1 to 1 | 0.51 |
| ΔCAT score | −2.0 (−7.0, 1.0) | −2.5 (−5.0, 0.0) | 0 | −1 to 3 | 0.74 |
Data shown are median (IQR). P values are for Mann-Whitney U test between study arms. Treatment effect was tested using Hodges-Lehmann estimates of shift parameters.
BRJ, beetroot juice; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MRC, Medical Research Council.