Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident lung cancer associated with COPD (n=338 548)
| Person-years | No. of cases | Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) | Subdistribution HR (95% CI) | |
| COPD status | ||||
| None | 2 296 032 | 1544 | 0.7 | Reference |
| COPD | 58 972 | 290 | 4.9 | 3.12 (2.66 to 3.65) |
| COPD and smoking status | ||||
| Never smokers without COPD | 1 670 929 | 783 | 0.5 | Reference |
| Never smokers with COPD | 41 266 | 122 | 3.0 | 2.67 (2.09 to 3.40) |
| Ever smokers without COPD | 625 104 | 761 | 1.2 | 1.97 (1.75 to 2.21) |
| Ever smokers with COPD | 17 705 | 168 | 9.5 | 6.19 (5.04 to 7.61) |
*Subhazard ratios for incident lung cancer were modelled with mortality as a competing risk and adjusted for sex, body mass index (continuous) and Charlson comorbidity index (age as time scale).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.