Participant characteristics, stratified by HIV status*
| Characteristic | Total | HIV-negative | HIV-positive | P value |
| (n=405) | (n=159) | (n=244) | ||
| Age (years) (median, IQR) | 35 (28–41) | 30 (24–37) | 37 (32–42) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 275 (67.9%) | 115 (72.3%) | 158 (64.8%) | 0.112 |
| Urban socioeconomic quintile (n=372)* | ||||
| Poorest | 22 (5.9%) | 10 (7.1%) | 12 (5.2%) | 0.638 |
| Second poorest | 85 (22.8%) | 28 (19.9%) | 57 (24.9%) | |
| Middle | 95 (25.5%) | 36 (25.5%) | 58 (25.3%) | |
| Second most wealthy | 114 (30.7%) | 48 (34.0%) | 66 (28.8%) | |
| Most wealthy | 56 (15.1%) | 19 (13.5%) | 36 (15.7%) | |
| Maximum education level ≤primary school | 154 (38.0%) | 49 (30.8%) | 104 (42.6%) | 0.017 |
| Intermittent difficulty procuring food for household | 128 (31.6%) | 47 (29.6%) | 81 (33.2%) | 0.443 |
| Household dissaving incurred in past 1 year to cover illness costs† | 298 (73.6%) | 109 (68.6%) | 189 (77.5%) | 0.047 |
| Monthly individual income ($US)‡ | 41.32 (11.02–96.42) | 37.47 (5.51–82.64) | 46.83 (16.53–99.17) | 0.206 |
| Baseline TB microbiology | ||||
| Smear positive | 213 (52.6%) | 118 (74.2%) | 95 (38.9%) | <0.001 |
| Xpert positive, rifampicin sensitive | 100 (24.7%) | 21 (13.2%) | 78 (32.0%) | |
| Radiological diagnosis | 54 (13.3%) | 10 (6.3%) | 43 (17.6%) | |
| Clinical diagnosis | 38 (9.4%) | 10 (6.3%) | 28 (11.5%) | |
| Self-reported illness duration prior to TB treatment (weeks) | 8.7 (4.3–13.0) | 8.7 (4.3–13.0) | 8.7 (4.3–17.4) | 0.759 |
| ART use, if HIV-positive (n=244)§ | 224 (91.8%) | |||
| Duration on ART, if HIV-positive (months) (n=222) | 6.6 (5.5–25.6) | |||
| Prophylactic cotrimoxazole use, if HIV-positive (n=234) | 211 (90.2%) | |||
| CD4, if HIV-positive (cells/µL) (n=242) | 229 (127–397) | |||
| Ever smoker, cigarettes | 120 (29.6%) | 56 (35.2%) | 62 (25.4%) | 0.034 |
| Pack years, among smokers (n=120) | 2.7 (0.7–6.0) | 2.1 (0.7–5.6) | 2.9 (0.7–7.0) | 0.465 |
| Ever smoker, cannabis (n=362)* | 54 (14.9%) | 35 (25.4%) | 19 (8.6%) | <0.001 |
| Charcoal/wood as main fuel | 384 (94.8%) | 153 (96.2%) | 229 (93.9%) | 0.295 |
*Missing data: HIV status for n=2 (declined to test, included in ‘total’ column only), socioeconomic status (SES) for n=33 (unable to visit household to determine building materials), Cannabis use for n=43 (unbiased data collection error).
†Borrowing money, using savings, selling assets to cover costs due to illness, in past 1 year (during TB illness and treatment).
‡Income data collected in Malawi Kwacha, but standardised using exchange rate at study midpoint (1 US$: 726 MK, March 2017).
§97% (218/224) receiving Regimen 5a (tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz) at TB treatment completion.
ART, antiretroviral therapy.