Parameter estimates* and CIs from the multivariable regression model of the rate of outpatient visits among patients with COPD and comparator non-COPD subjects
| All-cause primary care visits | Respiratory-related primary care visits | Specialist physician visits | Pharmacist visits | |||||
| Rate ratio | 95% CI | Rate ratio | 95% CI | Rate ratio | 95% CI | Rate ratio | 95% CI | |
| COPD (vs comparator) | 1.40 | 1.39 to 1.41 | 2.17 | 2.14 to 2.19 | 1.35 | 1.34 to 1.37 | 1.62 | 1.60 to 1.63 |
| Period | 1.06 | 1.06 to 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.14 to 1.14 | 1.07 | 1.07 to 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.06 to 1.06 |
| Female (vs male) | 1.16 | 1.15 to 1.16 | 1.27 | 1.26 to 1.29 | 1.08 | 1.07 to 1.09 | 1.18 | 1.17 to 1.20 |
| Age | 1.01 | 1.01 to 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.02 to 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 to 1.01 |
| SES | ||||||||
| 1 (vs 5) | 1.17 | 1.16 to 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.09 to 1.13 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.03 | 1.32 | 1.30 to 1.35 |
| 2 (vs 5) | 1.10 | 1.09 to 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.06 to 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.10 to 1.14 |
| 3 (vs 5) | 1.06 | 1.04 to 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.03 to 1.07 | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.04 to 1.08 |
| 4 (vs 5) | 1.03 | 1.02 to 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.03 to 1.06 |
| Calendar year | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.96 to 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.01 to 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 to 1.02 |
*Parameter estimates for the category of observations that were missing for sex and SES are not shown due to their small numbers (see table 1 for details).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SES, socioeconomic status.