Interventions that have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of exacerbation and/or hospitalisation in patients with COPD, alone or in combination106
Non-pharmacological | Pharmocological |
Influenza vaccination | Inhaled corticosteroid |
Pneumococcal vaccination | Long acting beta agonists |
Pulmonary rehabilitation | Long acting antimuscarinics |
Volume reduction interventions | Long-term macrolide antibiotics |
Domiciliary non-invasive ventilation | Mucolytic-antioxidants |
PDE4 inhibitors | |
Anti-IL5 |
Not all interventions are effective in all patients and a personalised approach is mandatory.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.