P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infections in pulmonary disease
| Study | Number | Country | Age (years) | Specimen | Analysis | P. aeruginosa (%) | S. aureus (%) | Coinfection (%) | Outcome analysed? |
| Cystic fibrosis* | |||||||||
| 35 | n=283 | Germany | 0–57 (md 7) | Various† | Culture | NA | 59 | 29 | Yes |
| 36 | n=354 | USA | 6–32.8 (mean 15.7) | Various | Culture | 30‡ | 11.9§ | 11.0¶ | Yes |
| 40 | n=234 | USA | 25.4±10.9 | Various | Culture | 26 | 32 | 31 | Yes |
| 37 | n=84 | Canada | >18 | Sputum | Culture | 60 | 24 | 12 | Yes |
| 39 | n=100 | USA | 0.4–16.9 (mean 9.1) | Various | Culture | 46 | 88 | 40? | No |
| 41 | n=419 | France | 23.1±9.8 (mean±SD) | Sputum | Culture | 67 | 72 | 60 | Yes |
| 43 | n=111 | USA | <6 | BAL | Culture | 53 | 24 | 18 | Yes |
| 44 | n=81 | USA | ≤13 | OP | Culture | 19 | 33 | 8.6 | Yes |
| Non-CF bronchiectasis | |||||||||
| 86 | n=150 | Saudi Arabia | 7.3±4.1 (mean±SD) | NP, sputum | Culture | 16 | 7 | NA | No |
| 87 | n=93 | UK | 1.6–18.8 (md 7.2) | Various | Culture | 6 | 8 | NA | No |
| 88 | n=111 | Turkey | 1–17.5 (md 7.4) | Sputum | Culture | 11 | 17 | NA | No |
| 89 | n=136 | UK | 3–18 (md 12.1) | Various | Culture | 11 | 4 | NA | No |
| 90 | n=92 | Ireland | 1.5–13 (md 6.4) | Sputum, BAL | Culture | 9 | 15 | NA | No |
| 91 | n=104 | Australia | 0.4–12.9 (md 2.4) | BAL | Culture | 0 | 3 | 0 | No |
| 92 | n=113 | Australia | 0.4–12.9 (md 2.4) | BAL | Culture | 2 | 5 | 0 | Yes |
| 93 | n=2596 | Various (Europe) | 57–74 (md 67) | Various | Culture | 15 | 6 | NA | Yes, not coinfection |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | |||||||||
| 94 | n=12 | UK | 23–70 (md 43.5) | BAL | 16S sequencing | 350 000 OTU† | 150 000 OTU | NA | No |
| 95 | n=43 | USA | 65.9±16.8 | BAL | Culture | 40 | 28 | NA | No |
| 96 | n=36 | India | 18–78 | ETA | Culture | 3.77 | 9.43 | 0 | No |
| 97 | n=20 | UK | 20–79 | ETT | 16S DGGE | 20 | 30 | 5 | No |
| 98‡ | n=107 | UK | >18 (mean 54) | Dental, BAL, NAL | Culture PCR | 23, 29, 4 | 43, 37, 14 | 10, NA, NA | No |
*For CF, only studies reporting coinfection are included.
†Cough swab, sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
‡Chronic infection >50% positive cultures.
§Chronic MRSA (≥3 previous cultures positive).
¶Chronic coinfection with P. aeruginosa and MRSA.
CF, cystic fibrosis; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; ETA, endotracheal aspiration; ETT, endotracheal tube; md, median; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; NA, not analysed; NAL, non-directed alveolar lavage; NP, nasopharyngeal; OP, oropharyngeal swabs; OTT, operational taxonomic units.