Model-estimated means and mean differences over time in psychosocial outcomes between groups
| Outcome and time point | Model-estimated means (SE)* | Mean change from baseline (95% CI) | ||||
| Education† | Mobile mindfulness‡ | Telephone mindfulness§ | Education† | Mobile mindfulness‡ | Telephone mindfulness§ | |
| PHQ-9¶ | ||||||
| Baseline | 7.1 (1.1) | 8.2 (0.8) | 7.6 (0.8) | |||
| 1 month | 5.8 (1.1) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.4) | −1.3 (−3.5 to 0.9) | −3.8 (−5.6 to −1.9) | −2.4 (−4.2 to −0.7) |
| 3 months | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.1 (1.4) | −3.0 (−5.3 to 0.8) | −4.8 (−6.6 to −2.9) | −3.9 (−5.6 to −2.2) |
| GAD-7¶ | ||||||
| Baseline | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.8 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.7) | |||
| 1 month | 4.1 (1.0) | 3.4 (0.8) | 2.8 (1.2) | −0.4 (−2.3 to 1.5) | −1.4 (−3.0 to 0.1) | −1.7 (−3.1 to −0.2) |
| 3 months | 3.9 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.8) | 2.9 (1.2) | −0.6 (−2.5 to 1.3) | −2.1 (−3.7 to −0.5) | −1.6 (−3.0 to −0.1) |
| PTSS¶ | ||||||
| Baseline | 21.4 (2.4) | 22.1 (1.9) | 21.9 (1.9) | |||
| 1 month | 20.4 (2.5) | 20.5 (2.0) | 19.7 (3.0) | −1.0 (−5.4 to 3.5) | −1.7 (−5.3 to 2.0) | −1.7 (−5.2 to 1.7) |
| 3 months | 17.9 (2.5) | 19.6 (2.1) | 19.2 (3.0) | −3.5 (−8.0 to 1.0) | −2.6 (−6.3 to 1.2) | −2.2 (−5.6 to 1.2) |
| PHQ-15¶ | ||||||
| Baseline | 11.0 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.7) | 10.1 (0.7) | |||
| 1 month | 7.6 (0.9) | 6.9 (0.8) | 8.4 (1.2) | −3.4 (−5.4 to 1.5) | −3.1 (−4.8 to −1.5) | −2.6 (−4.1 to −1.1) |
| 3 months | 6.3 (1.0) | 4.7 (0.8) | 7.3 (1.2) | −4.8 (−6.8 to 2.7) | −5.3 (−7.0 to −3.7) | −3.7 (−5.2 to −2.2) |
| QOL VAS** | ||||||
| Baseline | 71.8 (4.3) | 80.4 (3.3) | 74.3 (3.3) | |||
| 1 month | 72.5 (4.4) | 72.9 (3.7) | 72.6 (5.7) | 0.7 (−8.6 to 9.9) | −7.5 (−15.1 to 0.2) | 0.8 (−6.4 to 8.0) |
| 3 months | 72.5 (4.5) | 77.6 (3.8) | 75.0 (5.7) | 0.7 (−8.9 to 10.1) | −2.7 (−10.6 to 5.1) | 3.2 (−4.0 to 10.4) |
| CAMS-R** | ||||||
| Baseline | 30.1 (1.5) | 31.9 (1.1) | 31.2 (1.1) | |||
| 1 month | 30.0 (1.5) | 31.0 (1.2) | 28.7 (1.8) | −0.1 (−2.9 to 2.6) | −0.9 (−3.2 to 1.3) | −1.4 (−3.5 to 0.8) |
| 3 months | 28.8 (1.5) | 32.6 (1.3) | 29.2 (1.8) | −1.3 (−4.1 to 1.5) | 0.7 (−1.7 to 3.0) | −0.9 (−3.1 to 1.3) |
| Brief COPE** | ||||||
| Baseline | 13.8 (1.0) | 14.5 (0.7) | 13.0 (0.7) | |||
| 1 month | 13.1 (1.0) | 14.6 (0.8) | 15.2 (1.2) | −0.8 (−2.5 to 1.0) | 0.05 (−1.4 to 1.5) | 1.4 (0.04 to 2.7) |
| 3 months | 13.6 (1.0) | 14.1 (0.8) | 15.2 (1.2) | −0.2 (−2.0 to 1.6) | −0.5 (−1.9 to 1.0) | 1.3 (−0.03 to 2.7) |
*Based on general linear models; no adjustment for covariates. Model-estimated means are based on all patients, not just those with observations at 1 and 3 months.
†n=18 at baseline, n=17 at 1 month and n=16 at 3 months.
‡n=31 at baseline, n=24 at 1 month and n=22 at 3 months.
§n=31 at baseline, n=28 at 1 month and n=28 at 3 months.
¶Negative scores represent improvement.
**Positive scores represent improvement.
Brief COPE, Brief coping inventory; CAMS-R, Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised Mindfulness instrument; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale; PHQ-10, Patient Health Questionnaire 10-item physical symptom scale; PHQ-15, Patient Health Questionnaire 15-item physical symptom scale; PTSS, Post-Traumatic Stress Scale; QOL VAS, quality of life 100-point visual analogue scale.