Virus | LRTI-associated single new virus detections n=959 swabs | Asymptomatic single new virus detections n=4308 swabs | Risk ratio* (95% CI); P value | Attributable fraction in the exposed (%, 95% CI)† |
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Single detections | ||||
All HRV | 126 (13.1)‡ | 328 (7.6) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2); 0.22 | 8 (−5 to 20) |
HRV-A | 57 (6.0) | 122 (2.8) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5); 0.11 | 17 (−4 to 34) |
HRV-B | 8 (0.8) | 41 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5); 0.43 | −31 (−157 to 33) |
HRV-C | 68 (7.1) | 137 (3.2) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6); 0.01 | 22 (5 to 36) |
IFV-A | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.4, to 5.7); 0.50 | 36 (−131 to 82) |
IFV-B | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0); <0.001 | 0 (0 to 0) |
PIV-1 | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.8 to 7.8); 0.13 | 59 (−28 to 87) |
PIV-2 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | n/c | n/c |
PIV-3 | 10 (1.0) | 11 (0.3) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.3); 0.006 | 50 (18 to 70) |
RSV-A | 15 (1.6) | 14 (0.3) | 3.0 (2.1 to 4.5); <0.001 | 67 (51 to 78) |
RSV-B | 8 (0.8) | 3 (0.1) | 3.2 (1.8 to 5.5); <0.001 | 68 (45 to 82) |
HCoV-OC43 | 9 (0.9) | 8 (0.2) | 2.3 (1.4 to 3.8); 0.001 | 56 (29 to 73) |
HCoV-NL63 | 7 (0.7) | 8 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.3); 0.10 | 42 (−10 to 70) |
HCoV-229E | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.2 to 7.7); 0.83 | 19 (−407 to 87) |
HCoV-HKU1 | 2 (0.2) | 10 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.9); 0.71 | −28 (−376 to 66) |
HMPV | 6 (0.6) | 4 (0.1) | 3.2 (1.7 to 6.1); <0.001 | 69 (43 to 83) |
AdV | 5 (0.5) | 16 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.5); 0.96 | −2 (−156 to 59) |
WU-PyV | 5 (0.5) | 15 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.5); 0.48 | 28 (−80 to 71) |
KI-PyV | 8 (0.8) | 34 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2); 0.55 | 17 (−53 to 56) |
HBoV-1 | 10 (1.0) | 31 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2); 0.33 | 24 (−30 to 55) |
Any virus | 217 (22.6) | 491 (11.4) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5); <0.001 | 27 (18 to 35) |
New codetections§ | ||||
≥2 viruses | 58 (6.0) | 62 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.7 to 3.0); <0.001 | 55 (41 to 66) |
Statistically significant risk ratios and attributable fractions have been highlighted in bold.
*Adjusted for repeated measures within children using sandwich estimators.
†CI for attributable fractions were calculated from CI for corresponding risk ratios.
‡Individual HRV species do not add up to ‘all HRV’ detections because of a combination of more than one HRV species detected within the same LRTI episode, or single new virus detection episodes where HRV-positive specimens could not be sequenced.
§Includes 110 (51 symptomatic) new codetections and another 10 codetections with 2 and 3 viruses codetected, respectively where at least one codetected virus was a new detection.
AdV, adenovirus; HBoV-1, human bocavirus-1; HCoV, human coronavirus; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; IFV, influenza virus; KI-PyV, KI polyomavirus; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; n/c, not calculable as there were no cases in the asymptomatic group;, PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; WU-PyV, WU polyomavirus.