Changes after exercise training in body composition, physical activity, sleep and cardiometabolic parameters in the three intervention groups (ITT analysis)
| Outcomes (change in ITT analysis) | ERGO | ERGO+RMT | ERGO+NIV | P value |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.2 (1.5) | −0.2 (2.2) | −0.6 (1.7) | 0.72 |
| FFMI (kg/m2) | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.9) | −0.4 (0.8) | 0.02 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −0.5 (4.8) | 0.7 (6.2) | −5.3 (6.7) | 0.01 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 1.35 (6.2) | −1.5 (6.9) | −2.6 (5.9) | 0.17 |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.00 (2.6) | 1.3 (2.7) | −1.1 (1.5) | 0.01 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Daily step count | 1035 (2938) | −73 (3325) | 657 (2563) | 0.68 |
| METs per day | 0.00 (0.13) | 0.00 (0.15) | 0.05 (0.65) | 0.56 |
| Supine position (min/day) | 15.9 (51.5) | 0 (81.9) | −60.5 (129.3) | 0.10 |
| Sleep duration (min/day) | 28.8 (96.1) | 13.3 (58.5) | −21.8 (89.7) | 0.19 |
| Self-measured blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | −0.7 (10.3) | −1.3 (6.6) | −9.5 (10.8)* | 0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | −1.7 (6.7) | 4.6 (9.0) | −5.9 (7.9)* | 0.001 |
| HR (beat/min) | −1.3 (6.7) | 1.8 (14.0) | −5.6 (8.0) | 0.11 |
| PWV (m/s) | −0.5 (1.8) | −0.6 (1.1) | −0.5 (2.2) | 0.98 |
| RH-PAT | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | +0.1 (0.2) | 0.65 |
| Metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers | ||||
| Total cholesterol (g/L) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.27 |
| LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio | −0.1 (0.6) | −0.2 (0.8) | −0.2 (0.8) | 0.93 |
| Triglycerides (g/L) | 0.0 (0.3) | −0.1 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.94 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.3 (1.3) | −0.8 (2.1) | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.40 |
| Insulin (µUI/mL) | −5.0 (15.4) | −8.5 (28.0) | 71.0 (306.1) | 0.32 |
| Insulin (µUI/mL)† | −5.0 (15.4) | −2.8 (14.0) | −3.17 (6.1) | 0.59 |
| HOMA index | −2.0 (6.1) | −3.8 (10.0) | 25.9 (110.7) | 0.31 |
| HOMA index† | −2.0 (6.1) | −2.3 (8.1) | −0.9 (1.7) | 0.87 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | −42 (242) | −63 (242) | −60 (195) | 0.92 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | −1.3 (2.2) | −2.1 (4.1) | −0.7 (1.6) | 0.50 |
Data are mean (SD).
*Significant post hoc test with Bonferroni correction (significance at P=0.0083).
†Results without outliers (n=51) (outliers were two patients with insulin level >100 µUI/mL together with insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnostics).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ERGO, ergocycle training; FFMI, fat-free mass index; ITT, intention to treat; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment=insulinaemia (mU/L)×glycaemia (mmol/L)/22.5; HR, heart rate; hsCRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL/HDL, low density lipid to high density lipids ratio; METs, metabolic equivalent; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RH-PAT, reactive hyperaemia peripheral arterial tonometry; RMT, respiratory muscle training; SBP, systolic blood pressure.