Characteristics of the cohort for microbiome analysis
| Characteristics | N=101 |
| Age (years) at enrolment, mean±SD | 67.1±8.4 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 42 (41.6) |
| Body mass index at enrolment, mean±SD | 27.6±5.4 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 40 (39.6) |
| Medication for COPD, n (%) | 101 (100) |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, n (%) | 94 (93.1) |
| COPD status, GOLD stage, n (%) | |
| Mild | 0 (0) |
| Moderate | 45 (44.6) |
| Severe | 40 (39.6) |
| Very severe | 16 (15.8) |
| Bronchiectasis status, n (%) | 10 (9.9) |
| Number of exacerbations experienced by subject in 12 months, n (%) | |
| One exacerbation | 31 (22.0) |
| Two exacerbations | 23 (29.1) |
| Three or more exacerbations | 47 (19.7) |
| FEV1 after bronchodilator use (% predicted), mean±SD | 47.1±12.8 |
↵GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; N, number of subjects in the microbiome cohort; n, number of subjects corresponding to characteristics.