Prediction of airflow limitation (LLN) by multivariate regression analyses
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | |
| HIV, yes versus no | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.22) | 0.97 (0.77 to 1.21) | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.11) |
| Age, per decade* | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.94) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.03) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) |
| Sex, male versus female* | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.94) | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.12) |
| Ancestry | |||
| Scandinavian | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Other European | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.27) |
| Middle East/Indian subcontinent | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.46) | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.58) | – |
| Other | 0.95 (0.60 to 1.43) | 1.07 (0.65 to 1.69) | 0.88 (0.41 to 1.65) |
| Pack-years of smoking, per 10 pack-years | 1.32 (1.29 to 1.37) | 1.35 (1.31 to 1.39) | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) |
| Passive smoking during childhood, per 5 years | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.17) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | |
| Prematurity, yes versus no | 1.29 (0.98 to 1.68) | 1.43 (1.07 to 1.89) | |
| Educational level | |||
| No education | Ref | – | Ref |
| Short (<3 years) | 0.77 (0.54 to 1.10) | – | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.41) |
| Vocational | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.07) | – | 0.94 (0.70 to 1.28) |
| Middle length | 0.60 (0.46 to 0.80) | – | 0.79 (0.58 to 1.09) |
| University degree | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.73) | – | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.24) |
| Pneumonia/acute bronchitis within the past 10 years†, n (%) | |||
| None | Ref | – | Ref |
| 1–5 times | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.25) | – | 1.41 (1.17 to 1.70) |
| 6–10 times | 1.64 (1.35 to 1.98) | – | 3.01 (1.75 to 5.02) |
| >10 times | 3.68 (2.31 to 5.69) | – | 4.68 (2.29 to 9.21) |
* Age and sex were matching variables and effect sizes cannot be interpreted. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, ancestry, cumulative smoking (pack-years) and HIV status. Model 2 was adjusted for the same variables, as well as preterm delivery, passive smoking during childhood, educational status and pneumonia within the past 10 years.
† Pneumonia/bronchitis was defined as an episode requiring sick leave and/or consultation by medical doctor in the past 10 years .
LLN, lower limit of normal.