Respiratory viruses detected in 8100 high-quality nasal swabs collected from 157 infants from the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) birth cohort in the first 2 years of life. Incidence rates/100 child-years presented overall, and for the first and second years of life separately
| Virus | Virus-positive swabs | New virus detections N=1520* | New virus detection episodes/100 child-years (overall year mean) | New virus detection episodes/100 child-years (first year) | New virus detection episodes/100 child-years (second year) |
| n (%) | n (%) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |
| All HRV† | 2058 (25.4) | 1012 (66.6) | 1002 (942 to 1066) | 770 (703 to 842) | 1354‡ (1245 to 1472) |
| HRV-A | 702 (8.7) | 440 (28.9) | 323 (295 to 355) | 258 (224 to 297) | 409 (361 to 464) |
| HRV-B | 154 (1.9) | 97 (6.4) | 64 (53 to 78) | 60 (45 to 79) | 69 (52 to 92) |
| HRV-C | 635 (7.8) | 495 (32.6) | 363 (332 to 396) | 295 (259 to 336) | 448 (398 to 505) |
| IFV-A | 12 (0.1) | 12 (0.8) | 7.7 (4.4 to 13.6) | 4.7 (1.8 to 12.5) | 11.5 (5.7 to 22.9) |
| IFV-B | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.3 to 5.2) | 1.2 (0.2 to 8.3) | 1.4 (0.2 to 10.1) |
| PIV-1 | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.5) | 4.5 (2.2 to 9.5) | 2.3 (0.6 to 9.3) | 7.2 (3.0 to 17.2) |
| PIV-2 | 4 (0.0) | 4 (0.3) | 2.6 (1.0 to 6.9) | 1.2 (0.2 to 8.3) | 4.3 (1.4 to 13.3) |
| PIV-3 | 59 (0.7) | 56 (3.7) | 36.5 (28.1 to 47.4) | 27.1 (18.0 to 40.8) | 47.8 (34.0 to 67.3) |
| RSV-A | 69 (0.9) | 58 (3.8) | 37.9 (29.3 to 49.0) | 30.7 (20.9 to 45.1) | 46.4 (32.8 to 65.6) |
| RSV-B | 22 (0.3) | 20 (1.3) | 12.9 (8.3 to 20.1) | 8.2 (3.9 to 17.2) | 18.7 (10.9 to 32.2) |
| HCoV-OC43 | 51 (0.6) | 42 (2.8) | 27.3 (20.2 to 37.0) | 18.8 (11.5 to 30.7) | 39.1 (26.8 to 57.0) |
| HCoV-NL63 | 56 (0.7) | 40 (2.6) | 26.0 (19.1 to 35.5) | 18.8 (11.5 to 30.7) | 37.7 (25.6 to 55.3) |
| HCoV-229E | 14 (0.2) | 9 (0.6) | 5.8 (3.0 to 11.2) | 4.7 (1.8 to 12.5) | 7.2 (3.0 to 17.2) |
| HCoV-HKU1 | 34 (0.4) | 28 (1.8) | 18.2 (12.5 to 26.3) | 10.5 (5.5 to 20.3) | 27.4 (17.5 to 43.0) |
| HMPV | 27 (0.3) | 23 (1.5) | 14.9 (9.9 to 22.4) | 12.9 (7.1 to 23.3) | 17.2 (9.8 to 30.4) |
| AdV | 104 (1.3) | 80 (5.3) | 52.6 (42.2 to 65.4) | 47.6 (34.9 to 64.9) | 58.3 (42.8 to 79.5) |
| WU-PyV | 101 (1.2) | 60 (3.9) | 39.3 (30.5 to 50.6) | 16.5 (9.8 to 27.8) | 67.6 (50.6 to 90.2) |
| KI-PyV | 168 (2.1) | 84 (5.5) | 55.7 (45.0 to 68.9) | 51.6 (38.3 to 69.5) | 60.4 (44.5 to 82.1) |
| HBoV-1 | 137 (1.7) | 90 (5.9) | 59.6 (48.5 to 73.3) | 47.8 (35.1 to 65.2) | 73.8 (55.9 to 97.4) |
| Any virus§ | 2646 (32.7) | 1520 (18.8) | 978 (930 to 1029) | 794 (736 to 856) | 1206 (1127 to 1290) |
| Codetections§ | 275 (3.4) | 237 (15.6) | 147 (130 to 168) | 117 (96 to 142) | 184 (155 to 219) |
*Includes codetections.
†666 HRV (28.5%) positive samples could not be sequenced primarily because of low viral loads.
‡The rate of HRV new VDEs and the mean incidence of HRV new VDEs may equal or exceed the total rate of all new VDEs depending on the denominator after all swabs with cycle-threshold values >38 are excluded.
§Days at risk were not removed from the denominator as an infant could be at risk of being positive for other viruses in every swab.
HBoV-1, human bocavirus-1; HCoV, human coronavirus; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; IFV, influenza virus; KI-PyV, KI polyomavirus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; VDE, virus detection episode; WU-PyV, WU polyomavirus.