All respiratory diseases | Malignant respiratory diseases | Non-malignant respiratory diseases | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants (deaths) | Cox HR* (95% CI) | No. of participants (deaths) | Cox HR (95% CI) | No. of participants (deaths) | Cox HR (95% CI) | |
Opium use | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Ever users | 8487 (167) | 3.13 (2.42 to 4.04) | 8487 (43) | 1.96 (1.18 to 3.25) | 8487 (124) | 3.71 (2.76 to 4.96) |
Opium use | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Former users | 838 (19) | 2.85 (1.73 to 4.7) | 838 (5) | 1.95 (0.73 to 5.16) | 838 (14) | 3.29 (1.84 to 5.88) |
Current† users | 7107 (143) | 3.31 (2.53 to 4.32) | 7107 (38) | 2.11 (1.25 to 3.55) | 7107 (105) | 3.92 (2.88 to 5.32) |
Duration of opium use | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Former users | 868 (20) | 3.03 (1.86 to 4.95) | 868 (5) | 2.01 (0.75 to 5.31) | 868 (15) | 3.53 (2.01 to 6.2) |
1st quintile (≤3 years) | 1671 (17) | 2.19 (1.32 to 3.64) | 1671 (3) | 1.11 (0.34 to 3.66) | 1671 (14) | 2.68 (1.53 to 4.71) |
2nd quintile (4–7 years) | 1486 (16) | 2.17 (1.28 to 3.66) | 1486 (2) | 0.73 (0.17 to 3.08) | 1486 (14) | 2.87 (1.63 to 5.06) |
3rd quintile (8–12 years) | 1433 (25) | 3.78 (2.43 to 5.89) | 1433 (5) | 1.77 (0.67 to 4.66) | 1433 (20) | 4.84 (2.94 to 7.94) |
4th quintile (13–20 years) | 1577 (33) | 3.61 (2.41 to 5.4) | 1577 (10) | 2.58 (1.22 to 5.44) | 1577 (23) | 4.04 (2.51 to 6.5) |
5th quintile (>20 years) | 1452 (56) | 4.14 (2.89 to 5.94) | 1452 (18) | 3.01 (1.55 to 5.81) | 1452 (38) | 4.66 (3.04 to 7.15) |
p for trend <0.000 | p for trend <0.001 | p for trend <0.000 | ||||
Opium cumulative use | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Former users | 868 (20) | 2.99 (1.84 to 4.88) | 868 (5) | 1.99 (0.75 to 5.27) | 868 (15) | 3.47 (1.98 to 6.1) |
1st quintile (≤1148) | 1524 (18) | 2.27 (1.38 to 3.73) | 1524 (2) | 0.73 (0.17 to 3.09) | 1524 (16) | 3 (1.76 to 5.11) |
2nd quintile (1149 to 4383) | 1524 (22) | 2.75 (1.74 to 4.36) | 1524 (5) | 1.64 (0.63 to 4.28) | 1524 (17) | 3.27 (1.94 to 5.51) |
3rd quintile (4384 to 12 054)) | 1524 (25) | 3.03 (1.95 to 4.71) | 1524 (6) | 1.92 (0.78 to 4.68) | 1524 (19) | 3.55 (2.15 to 5.88) |
4th quintile (12 055 to 30 681) | 1570 (38) | 4.15 (2.82 to 6.08) | 1570 (9) | 2.38 (1.09 to 5.18) | 1570 (29) | 5.05 (3.26 to 7.83) |
5th quintile (>30 682) | 1477 (44) | 3.84 (2.61 to 5.67) | 1477 (16) | 2.95 (1.48 to 5.88) | 1477 (28) | 4.13 (2.57 to 6.64) |
p for trend <0.000 | p for trend <0.001 | p for trend <0.000 | ||||
Type of opium product | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Teriak only | 7308 (142) | 3.11 (2.39 to 4.04) | 7308 (37) | 2.01 (1.19 to 3.35) | 7308 (105) | 3.63 (2.69 to 4.9) |
Shireh only | 781 (13) | 2.91 (1.62 to 5.21) | 781 (2) | 1.06 (0.25 to 4.53) | 781 (11) | 3.99 (2.11 to 7.56) |
Combinations | 398 (12) | 4.31 (2.31 to 8.01) | 398 (4) | 3.06 (1.02 to 9.18) | 398 (8) | 4.88 (2.31 to 10.37) |
Route of administration | ||||||
Never users | 41 558 (164) | Reference | 41 558 (42) | Reference | 41 558 (122) | Reference |
Smoking | 5804 (66) | 2.21 (1.61 to 3.01) | 5804 (21) | 1.69 (0.94 to 3.03) | 5804 (45) | 2.39 (1.65 to 3.45) |
Ingestion | 2182 (79) | 4.57 (3.35 to 6.23) | 2186 (17) | 2.29 (1.21 to 4.36) | 2186 (63) | 5.79 (4.08 to 8.21) |
Both methods | 497 (21) | 5.65 (3.45 to 9.25) | 497 (5) | 2.99 (1.11 to 8.06) | 497 (16) | 7.17 (4.07 to 12.62) |
*Adjusted for age, sex, residential place, education, marital status, drinking alcohol and cumulative use of any type of tobacco (pack-years for cigarette and amount×duration of use for hookah and nass).
†Excluding 542 who have started opium after their illness.