Patient characteristics, stratified for the training and validation cohort
| Training N=454 | Validation N=246 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 62 (51–71) | 62 (50–70) | 0.47 |
| Male | 288 (63.4) | 155 (60) | 0.94 |
| APACHE IV score | 83 (63–104.8) | 82 (62–108) | 0.91 |
| Admission type | |||
| Medical | 310 (68.3) | 188 (76.4) | 0.026 |
| Planned surgical | 67 (14.8) | 21 (8.5) | |
| Emergency surgery | 77 (17) | 37 (15) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 66 (14.5) | 41 (16.7) | 0.35 |
| Alcohol abuse | 60 (13.2) | 35 (14.2) | 0.72 |
| COPD | 44 (9.7) | 25 (10.2) | 0.90 |
| Immune deficiency | 86 (18.9) | 44 (17.9) | 0.76 |
| Risk factor* | |||
| Pneumonia | 256 (56.4) | 144 (58.5) | 0.63 |
| Aspiration | 51 (11.2) | 18 (7.3) | 0.15 |
| Other pulmonary | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0.31 |
| Sepsis | 292 (64.3) | 154 (62.6) | 0.69 |
| Trauma/surgery | 61 (13.4) | 28 (11.4) | 0.48 |
| Pancreatitis | 11 (2.4) | 5 (2) | 0.78 |
| Other non-pulmonary | 63 (13.9) | 24 (9.8) | 0.12 |
| PaO2/FiO2 at diagnosis | 158 (111–208) | 171 (117–224) | 0.17 |
| PaO2/FiO2 24 hours after diagnosis | 177 (134–233) | 192 (141–247) | 0.07 |
| PEEP at diagnosis | 10 (7–13) | 10 (8–12) | 0.09 |
| PEEP 24 hours after diagnosis | 10 (7–12) | 9 (6–12) | 0.14 |
| Pmax at diagnosis | 26 (19–32) | 24 (19–30) | 0.04 |
| Pmax 24 hours after diagnosis | 23 (18–30) | 22 (17–29) | 0.11 |
| Tidal volume/kg predicted bodyweight | 7.1 (6.2–8.2) | 7.2 (6.4–8.6) | 0.19 |
| APPS | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 0.03 |
| SOFA at diagnosis | 9 (6–11) | 8 (6–11) | 0.25 |
| Berlin category | |||
| Mild | 153 (33.7) | 109 (44.3) | 0.015 |
| Moderate | 231 (50.9) | 100 (40.7) | |
| Severe | 70 (15.4) | 37 (15) | |
| Days on mechanical ventilation | 7 (3–13) | 6 (2–13) | 0.29 |
| Days in the ICU | 8 (4–15) | 8 (4–15.8) | 0.99 |
| Death in ICU | 120 (26.4) | 64 (26) | 0.93 |
| 30 day mortality | 136 (30) | 76 (30.9) | 0.86 |
Data are presented as the median with IQR for continuous variables and as number with percentage for categorical variables. The p value is calculated between the training and validation cohort. Definitions for the variables are given in the definition table at the end of the paper.
*Multiple risk factors per patient are possible.
APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; APPS, Age, PaO2/FiO2 and Plateau pressure Score; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; SOFA, sepsis-related organ failure assessment.