Table 3

HRs (95% CIs) of COPD by quintiles of fruit and vegetable consumption by smoking status in Swedish men, 1998–2012

	Quintiles (Q)
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	p for trend
Total fruit and vegetable consumption, servings/day (median)
	<2.0 (1.4)	2.0–2.9 (2.5)	3.0–3.9 (3.4)	4.0–5.2 (4.5)	≥5.3 (6.6)
Ever-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	577/6115	375/5720	316/5537	267/5257	207/5223
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	803	559	508	450	336
Multivariable HR†	1.00	0.83 (0.73–0.95)	0.83 (0.72–0.96)	0.75 (0.64–0.88)	0.62 (0.52–0.73)	<0.0001
Current smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	376/3031	219/2273	163/2003	139/1829	98/1644
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	1 166	884	765	715	546
Multivariable HR†	1.00	0.83 (0.70–0.99)	0.80 (0.66–0.97)	0.73 (0.59–0.90)	0.60 (0.47–0.76)	<0.0001
Ex-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	201/3084	156/3447	153/3534	128/3428	109/3579
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	506	374	380	326	255
Multivariable HR†	1.00	0.84 (0.68–1.04)	0.89 (0.71–1.10)	0.78 (0.62–0.99)	0.66 (0.51–0.85)	0.001
Never-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	60/ 5537		30/3281	25/3479	32/3596
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	84		77	63	70
Multivariable HR	1.00		1.05 (0.67–1.65)	0.82 (0.51–1.34)	1.03 (0.64–1.64)	0.78
Fruit consumption, servings/day (median)
	<0.5 (0.3)	0.5–0.7 (0.6)	0.8–1.1 (1.0)	1.2–1.8 (1.5)	≥ 1.9 (2.5)
Ever-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	508/5866	374/6166	318/5496	298/5211	244/5113
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	789	564	506	472	372
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	0.87 (0.76–1.00)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.88 (0.76–1.03)	0.73 (0.62–0.86)	0.001
Current smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	336/2909	212/2517	182/2030	149/1689	116/1635
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	1 133	854	820	805	582
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	0.88 (0.73–1.04)	0.93 (0.77–1.12)	0.93 (0.76–1.14)	0.74 (0.58–0.93)	0.03
Ex-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	172/2957	162/3649	136/3466	149/3522	128/3478
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	503	398	341	335	282
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	0.87 (0.70–1.08)	0.81 (0.64–1.02)	0.84 (0.67–1.07)	0.73 (0.57–0.94)	0.02
Never-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	54/5140		23/3238	36/3647	34/3868
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	86		60	78	66
Multivariable HR*	1.00		0.69 (0.42–1.14)	0.90 (0.58–1.40)	0.73 (0.45–1.16)	0.35
Vegetable consumption, servings/day (median)
	< 1.2 (0.8)	1.2–1.8 (1.6)	1.9–2.5 (2.2)	2.6–3.5 (3.0)	≥ 3.6 (4.6)
Ever-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	539/5873	385/5686	326/5475	268/5409	224/5409
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	748	577	525	439	373
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	0.93 (0.81–1.07)	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	0.86 (0.73–1.01)	0.78 (0.65–0.93)	0.004
Current smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	354/2790	211/2250	174/2016	146/1928	110/1796
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	1 136	864	810	713	585
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	0.83 (0.69–0.99)	0.83 (0.68–1.01)	0.81 (0.65–1.00)	0.69 (0.54–0.87)	0.003
Ex-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	185/3083	174/3436	152/3459	122/3481	114/3613
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	447	415	379	307	286
Multivariable HR*†	1.00	1.11 (0.89–1.38)	1.11 (0.88–1.39)	0.94 (0.73–1.21)	0.92 (0.71–1.20)	0.26
Never-smokers
No. of cases/no. of men	54/5856		37/3282	29/3406	27/3349
Age-adjusted SIR per 100 000	69		94	75	67
Multivariable HR*	1.00		1.64 (1.06–2.54)	1.39 (0.86–2.26)	1.33 (0.79–2.24)	0.29

Multivariable HR adjusted for age (years, continuous), education (less than high school, high school or university), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9 or ≥30 kg/m²), total physical activity (MET×hour/day, quintiles), intake of energy (kcal/day, quintiles), alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles) and modified recommended food score (scores, continuous) and non-recommended food score (scores, continuous).
*Fruits and vegetables were included in the same multivariable model.
†Additionally adjusted for pack-years of smoking (<20, 20–39 or ≥40 pack-years).
MET, metabolic equivalent of energy expenditure (kcal/kg×hour); SIR, standardised incidence rate.