Table 1

Studies included in this review

First author and reference	Year of publication	Design of study	Risk for HIV	Study location	Total number of participants	% HIV+	Respiratory data collected	Quality rating*
Lepage13	1991	Cross-sectional	General population	Rwanda	431	50	Persistent cough >1 month	Moderate
el Sadr14 Multicentre AIDS Cohort Study	1992	Prospective cohort†	IDU‡	USA	223	56	Standardised symptom checklist (SCS22)	Moderate
Hoover15 Multicentre AIDS Cohort Study Visit 3	1993	Prospective cohort†	MSM	USA	2854	29	New or unusual cough	Moderate
Hoover—visit 7	1993	Prospective cohort†	MSM	USA	2627	29	New or unusual cough
Norrgren16	1998	Cross-sectional	General population	Guinea-Bissau	2215	9	Cough >1 month	Moderate
Spira17	1999	Prospective (birth) cohort	Vertical transmission	Rwanda	401	13	Persistent cough	Moderate
Olayinka18	1999	Prospective (birth) cohort	Vertical transmission	Zimbabwe	272	16	Cough since last review	Low
Nilses19	2000	Cross-sectional	General population	Zimbabwe	1213	22	Dyspnoea, cough	Moderate
Taha20	2000	Prospective (birth) cohort	Vertical transmission	Malawi	808	24	History of wheezy illness collected at clinic appointments	Moderate
Diaz21	2003	Cross-sectional	MSM	USA	379	86	ATS-DLD-78 questionnaire‡	Moderate
Galli22	2003	Prospective (birth) cohort	Vertical transmission	Italy	2060	4	Retraction of intercostal muscles, wheezes, cough, active nasal flaring or rales at follow-up visits	Low
Lewis23	2009	Cross-sectional	General population	South Africa	1955	29	New or worsening cough (>2 weeks or >3 weeks) Haemoptysis	Moderate
Read24	2009	Prospective (birth) cohort	Vertical transmission	Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia	1317	6	Chronic cough (>14 days)	Moderate
Kheaw-On25	2009	Cross-sectional	General population	Thailand	210	50	History of chronic cough	Low
Corbett26	2010	Cross-sectional	General population	Zimbabwe	8979	21	Cough <2 weeks. Cough >3 weeks, haemoptysis	Low
Drummond27 ALIVE cohort	2010	Prospective cohort†	IDU	USA	974	30	Modified ATS-DLD-78 MRC dyspnoea scale	High
Onyedum28	2010	Cross-sectional	General population	Nigeria	200	50	Cough, cough with sputum, breathlessness, wheezing	Low
Gounder29	2011	Cross-sectional	General population	South Africa	3937	37	Cough >2 weeks. Sputum production	Moderate
Crothers8 Lung HIV Study	2013	Prospective cohort†	Mixed	USA	589	51	Usual cough/phlegm, wheezing (ATS-DLD-78) MRC dyspnoea scale	High
Fitzpatrick7 WHIS	2013	Prospective cohort†	Mixed	USA	99	64	ATS-DLD questionnaire	High
Madeddu30	2013	Cross-sectional	MSM	Italy	176	63	Symptom questionnaire MRC dyspnoea scale	Moderate
Antwal31	2014	Cross-sectional	Not detailed	India	1546	35	Breathlessness, cough with sputum	Moderate
Campo32 EXHALE substudy, VACS cohort	2014	Prospective cohort†	Mixed	USA	340	53	Chronic cough (for most days for 3 months or more per year for >1 year), chronic phlegm, wheeze, MRC dyspnoea scale	Moderate
Gingo33 (MACS)	2014	Prospective cohort†	MSM	USA	1896	48	ATS-DLD-78 questionnaire	High
Gingo (WIHS)	2014	Prospective cohort†	Mixed	USA	1976	71	ATS-DLD-78 questionnaire
Telisinghe34 Prison cohort	2014	Cross-sectional	General population	South Africa	846	25	Chronic cough (>14 days)	Low

*Modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale.
†Data arising from prospective cohort studies; however, data used in quantitative analyses for this review from single time point.
‡American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease questionnaire.
IDU, injection drug user; MACS, Multi-Centre AIDS Cohort Study; MSM, men who have sex with men; VACS, Veterans Aging Cohort Study; WIHS, Women's Interagency HIV Study.