Factor | Crude HR | 95% CI | p Value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (years) | <30 | Reference | Reference | ||||||
30–39 | 1.77 | 0.94 | 3.33 | 0.077 | 1.43 | 0.70 | 2.96 | 0.329 | |
40–49 | 2.62 | 1.44 | 4.77 | 0.002 | 2.22 | 1.13 | 4.34 | 0.020 | |
50–59 | 2.69 | 1.49 | 4.86 | 0.001 | 2.18 | 1.10 | 4.31 | 0.025 | |
≥60 | 4.20 | 2.26 | 7.83 | <0.001 | 2.47 | 1.18 | 5.17 | 0.017 | |
Gender | Male | 1.99 | 1.37 | 2.90 | <0.001 | 2.00 | 1.27 | 3.14 | 0.003 |
Female | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Living settings | Urban | 0.92 | 0.70 | 1.20 | 0.527 | ||||
Rural | Reference | ||||||||
Employment | Unemployed | 2.52 | 1.62 | 3.90 | <0.001 | 1.48 | 0.90 | 2.41 | 0.120 |
Retired | 3.67 | 2.14 | 6.30 | <0.001 | 2.69 | 1.47 | 4.94 | 0.001 | |
Employed | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Smoking† | Yes | 1.65 | 1.10 | 2.49 | 0.016 | ||||
No | Reference | ||||||||
Alcohol abuse | Yes | 2.29 | 1.68 | 3.12 | <0.001 | 1.70 | 1.16 | 2.47 | 0.006 |
No | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Recreational drug use | Yes | 1.05 | 0.57 | 1.93 | 0.871 | ||||
No | Reference | ||||||||
HIV coinfection | Negative | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Positive | 3.26 | 1.71 | 6.22 | <0.001 | 2.53 | 1.19 | 5.39 | 0.016 | |
Not tested | 1.29 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 0.080 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 1.01 | 0.056 | |
Conditions other than HIV* | Yes | 2.63 | 1.69 | 4.09 | <0.001 | 2.33 | 1.34 | 4.05 | 0.003 |
No | Reference | Reference | |||||||
New or retreatment case | Retreatment case | 0.90 | 0.68 | 1.21 | 0.500 | ||||
New case | Reference | ||||||||
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary | Both pulmonary and extrapulmonary | 2.30 | 1.36 | 3.89 | 0.002 | 2.65 | 1.45 | 4.83 | 0.002 |
Pulmonary only | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Presence of cavities | Yes | 1.19 | 0.91 | 1.57 | 0.206 | ||||
No | Reference | ||||||||
Smear positivity at diagnosis | Positive | 1.48 | 1.02 | 2.16 | 0.041 | 1.24 | 0.83 | 1.86 | 0.296 |
Negative | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Treatment regimen‡ | Resistance pattern§ | ||||||||
Includes INJ+FQ | MDR | Reference | Reference | ||||||
MDR+FQ resistance | 1.05 | 0.50 | 2.22 | 0.892 | 1.10 | 0.51 | 2.35 | 0.809 | |
MDR+INJ resistance | 1.13 | 0.81 | 1.93 | 0.310 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.87 | 0.419 | |
XDR | 1.05 | 0.57 | 1.92 | 0.884 | 1.07 | 0.57 | 2.00 | 0.830 | |
Includes FQ, no INJ | MDR | 1.18 | 0.67 | 2.09 | 0.570 | 1.11 | 0.60 | 2.05 | 0.747 |
MDR+FQ resistance | 2.16 | 0.86 | 5.42 | 0.102 | 1.07 | 0.35 | 3.31 | 0.900 | |
MDR+INJ resistance | 1.15 | 0.60 | 2.20 | 0.674 | 0.95 | 0.47 | 1.90 | 0.874 | |
XDR | 2.05 | 1.14 | 3.68 | 0.016 | 2.41 | 1.28 | 4.54 | 0.007 | |
Includes INJ, no FQ | MDR | 2.16 | 0.78 | 6.00 | 0.138 | 3.39 | 1.17 | 9.81 | 0.024 |
MDR+FQ resistance | 1.10 | 0.14 | 7.33 | 0.990 | 0.73 | 0.10 | 5.48 | 0.762 | |
MDR+INJ resistance | 4.08 | 0.56 | 29.53 | 0.164 | 2.30 | 0.29 | 17.98 | 0.428 | |
XDR | 0.74 | 0.10 | 5.42 | 0.768 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 2.06 | 0.202 | |
No INJ, no FQ | MDR | 8.23 | 4.84 | 14.01 | <0.001 | 8.74 | 4.84 | 15.77 | 0.000 |
MDR+FQ resistance | Empty | ||||||||
MDR+INJ resistance | 1.13 | 0.81 | 1.93 | 0.310 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.87 | 0.419 | |
XDR | 2.82 | 0.87 | 9.07 | 0.083 | 3.78 | 1.13 | 12.65 | 0.031 |
*Including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chronic liver condition, other immunocompromised conditions (including autoimmune disorders) and cancer.
†Variable with a limited number of observations were not included into Cox multivariable regression model.
‡Interaction term between treatment regimen and resistance pattern used in the unadjusted and the adjusted analyses.
INJ, second-line injectable drugs; MDR, multidrug resistance, no additional resistance to FQs or injectables; FQ, fluoroquinolones; XDR, extensive drug resistance.