Cumulative relative risks from DLNM describing associations between asthma hospitalisations and concentration of air pollutants by age group and season, Hong Kong, 2004–2011 (lag 0–3 days, the 97th percentile vs the 50th percentile of concentration of air pollutants during seasons)
| Hot season | Cold season | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | PM10 | NO2 | SO2 | O3 | PM10 | NO2 | SO2 | O3 |
| Cumulative RR (95% CI) generated from single-pollutant models | ||||||||
| All | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.17) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.29) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.15) | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.32) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) |
| Children (<5) | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.13) | 1.03 (0.74 to 1.44) | 1.25 (0.99 to 1.57) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.09) | 1.29 (0.89 to 1.87) | 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33) | 0.85 (0.64 to 1.13) |
| Children (5–14) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.46) | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.66) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.33) | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.48) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.27) | 1.56 (1.08 to 2.25) | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.47) | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.10) |
| Adults (15–59) | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.37) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.32) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.20) | 1.32 (1.09 to 1.60) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.27) | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.08) | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) |
| Older adults (above 59) | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.30) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.38) | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.21) | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.57) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) |
| Cumulative RR (95% CI) generated from multi-pollutant models | ||||||||
| All | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) | 1.20 (0.86 to 1.68) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.24) | 1.43 (1.19 to 1.73) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.23) | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.13) |
| Children (<5) | 0.84 (0.52 to 1.37) | 0.87 (0.47 to 1.63) | 1.35 (0.93 to 1.96) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.43) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.12) | 1.26 (0.75 to 2.11) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.20) | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.14) |
| Children (5–14) | 1.20 (0.70 to 2.07) | 1.43 (0.72 to 2.85) | 0.81 (0.54 to 1.21) | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.60) | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.37) | 1.89 (1.11 to 3.22) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.06) | 0.72 (0.52 to 0.99) |
| Adults (15–59) | 0.82 (0.56 to 1.20) | 0.91 (0.56 to 1.48) | 1.20 (0.91 to 1.59) | 1.51 (1.08 to 2.11) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 0.78 (0.55 to 1.12) | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.48) | 1.27 (1.05 to 1.54) |
| Older adults (>59) | 0.70 (0.50 to 0.96) | 1.03 (0.68 to 1.55) | 1.33 (1.05 to 1.67) | 1.91 (1.44 to 2.54) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) | 0.96 (0.71 to 1.29) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) |
N=1232 in the hot season.
N=1180 in the cold season.
DLNM, distributed lag nonlinear model; RR, relative risk.