Health economic outcomes
| Standard (n=89) | Web-based (n=91) | FENO-based (n=92) | Web-based versus standard | FENO-based versus standard | Web-based versus FENO-based | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit costs | Volumes | Costs | Volumes | Costs | Volumes | Costs | Costs | Costs | Costs | |
| QALY (EQ-5D)* (95% CI) | 0.928 | 0.939 | 0.932 | 0.011 (−0.005 to 0.027) | 0.004 (−0.018 to 0.026) | 0.006 (−0.008 to 0.021) | ||||
| QALY (EQ-VAS) (95% CI) | 0.929 | 0.930 | 0.925 | 0.001 (−0.019 to 0.018) | −0.005 (−0.018 to 0.027) | −0.005 (−0.026 to 0.017) | ||||
| Healthcare costs (€) | ||||||||||
| Intervention costs | 29 | 48 | ||||||||
| General practitioner | ||||||||||
| Consultation | 28 | 1.8 | 51 | 1.6 | 46 | 1.5 | 41 | −5 (−19 to 9) | −10 (−30 to 10) | 5 (−9 to 18) |
| Phone consultation | 14 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.1 | 15 | 0.8 | 11 | 1 (−6 to 8) | −3 (−13 to 7) | 4 (−3 to 11) |
| Visit at home | 43 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | −1 (−2 to 0) | −0 (−3 to 1) | 0 (−1 to 1) |
| Paediatrician/pulmonologist | 72 | 3.4 | 243 | 3.4 | 244 | 3.5 | 250 | 1 (−25 to 26) | 7 (−29 to 42) | −6 (−31 to 19) |
| Other specialist | 72 | 0.8 | 57 | 0.9 | 66 | 0.8 | 55 | 10 (−30 to 50) | −2 (−58 to 54) | 12 (−28 to 51) |
| Nurse practitioner | 72 | 1.2 | 86† | 1.8 | 129†‡ | 1.3 | 96‡ | 43 (17 to 69) | 10 (−26 to 46) | 33 (7 to 58) |
| Physiotherapist | 36 | 0.9 | 33 | 2.1 | 75 | 1.8 | 66 | 42 (−4 to 89) | 33 (−32 to 99) | 9 (−37 to 55) |
| Emergency room | 151 | 0.2 | 35 | 0.3 | 38 | 0.3 | 41 | 3 (−23 to 30) | 6 (−31 to 43) | −3 (−29 to 23) |
| Hospitalisations days | 457 | 0.3 | 129 | 0.2 | 101 | 0.1 | 44 | −29 (−130 to 72) | −85 (−227 to 56) | 56 (−43 to 155) |
| Complementary care | 30 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 (−1 to 2) | 0 (−2 to 3) | 0 (−1 to 2) |
| Medication | 191 | 179 | 194 | −12 (−50 to 25) | 3 (−42 to 47) | −15 (−53 to 23) | ||||
| Total healthcare costs (€) | 839 | 924 | 837 | 84 (−70 to 237) | −2 (−215 to 211) | 86 (−66 to 237) | ||||
| Productivity costs (€) | −129 | 457 | −451 | 586 (−781 to 1954) | −321 (−2264 to 1621) | 908 (−455 to 2270) | ||||
| Time costs (€) | 138 | 154 | 133 | 16 (−10 to 42) | −5 (−42 to 31) | 21 (−5 to 46) | ||||
| Travel costs (€) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (−1 to 2) | 1 (0 to 2) | ||||
| Total societal costs (€) | 855 | 1543 | 527 | 687 (−699 to 2072) | −328 (−2295 to 1640) | 1015 (−366 to 2395) | ||||
*Columns 3–8 represent the mean results at the final visit or the total volumes and costs at the end of the study per strategy. Columns 9–11 are pairwise differences and CIs of the costs. Values are summary estimates of the five data sets obtained by multiple imputations, combined using Rubin's rules.19
†p=0.001, difference between standard care and web-based monitoring.
‡p=0.01, difference between FENO-based monitoring and web-based monitoring.
EQ-5D, EuroQoL-5 dimensions; EQ-VAS, EuroQoL-visual analogue scale; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.