Subgroup analysis according to asthma or COPD
| Tuberculosis (N=484), n (%) | Control (N=2420), n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||
| Asthma | ||||||
| ICS use | ||||||
| Non-ICS users† | 307 (63.4) | 1614 (66.7) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| ICS users‡ | 177 (36.6) | 806 (33.3) | 1.22 (0.96 to 1.55) | 0.105 | 1.46 (1.11 to 1.92) | 0.008 |
| OCS use | ||||||
| Non-OCS users§ | 430 (88.8) | 2303 (95.2) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| OCS users¶ | 54 (11.2) | 117 (4.8) | 2.54 (1.8 to 3.59) | <0.001 | 2.30 (1.55 to 3.41) | <0.001 |
| ICS Cumulative dose (μg) | ||||||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 15 000 (4875 to 44 750) | 15 000 (5600 to 15 250) | ||||
| p Value for trend** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 dose | 204 (42.1) | 1083 (44.8) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 1–15 000 | 146 (30.2) | 990 (40.9) | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.9) | 0.006 | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) | 0.140 |
| 15 001–45 000 | 74 (15.3) | 261 (10.8) | 1.55 (1.13 to 2.13) | 0.007 | 1.71 (1.19 to 2.45) | 0.004 |
| 45 001–75 000 | 27 (5.6) | 59 (2.4) | 2.88 (1.72 to 4.8) | <0.001 | 3.46 (1.92 to 6.26) | <0.001 |
| 75 001+ | 33 (6.8) | 27 (1.1) | 7.47 (4.32 to 12.91) | <0.001 | 8.03 (4.23 to 15.23) | <0.001 |
| COPD | ||||||
| Tuberculosis (N=1360), n (%) | Control (N=6791), n (%) | |||||
| ICS use | ||||||
| Non-ICS users† | 730 (53.7) | 4214 (62.1) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| ICS users‡ | 630 (46.3) | 2577 (37.9) | 1.47 (1.3 to 1.66) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.37) | 0.007 |
| OCS use | ||||||
| Non-OCS users§ | 1059 (77.9) | 5999 (88.3) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| OCS users¶ | 301 (22.1) | 792 (11.7) | 2.21 (1.9 to 2.58) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.56 to 2.17) | <0.001 |
| ICS cumulative dose (μg) | ||||||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 30 000 (13 250 to 75 000) | 15 125 (9625 to 42 500) | ||||
| p Value for trend** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 dose | 540 (39.7) | 3468 (51.1) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 1–15 000 | 305 (22.4) | 1644 (24.2) | 1.17 (0.99 to 1.37) | 0.060 | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.28) | 0.318 |
| 15 001–45 000 | 215 (15.8) | 973 (14.3) | 1.43 (1.20 to 1.72) | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) | 0.148 |
| 45 001–75 000 | 111 (8.2) | 312 (4.6) | 2.34 (1.84 to 2.96) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.45 to 2.42) | <0.001 |
| 75 001+ | 189 (13.9) | 394 (5.8) | 3.18 (2.61 to 3.89) | <0.001 | 2.14 (1.71 to 2.66) | <0.001 |
*Adjusted for LAMA use, SABA use, SAMA use, OCS use, presence of TB sequelae, immunosuppressant use, other comorbidities (malignancy, diabetes, chronic renal failure / dialysis, silicosis, malabsorption, HIV/AIDS and transplantation), Charlson Comorbidity Index and healthcare usage.
†Defined if inhaler prescriptions shorter than 30 days during 1 year before the index date was identified.
‡Defined if inhaler prescriptions 30 days or longer during 1 year before the index date was identified.
§Defined if cumulative dose of less than 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents during 1 year before the index date was identified.
¶Defined if cumulative dose of 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents or more during 1 year before the index date was identified.
**Conditional logit model: used each group median.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LAMA, long-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist; OCS, oral corticosteroid; SABA short-acting inhaled β2 agonists; SAMA, short-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist.