Serum and induced sputum cytokine and endothelin-1 levels for CHD-APAH patients, CHD patients and healthy controls
| Analyte (pg/ml) | CHD-APAH | CHD | Healthy control | p value | |
| Serum (n = 56) | IL1β | 1 (0.52–2.4) | 0.36 (0.22–1.18) | 0.43 (0.04–0.78) | 0.0214* |
| IL6 | 2.70 (1.96–3.97) | 1.69 (1.2–1.88) | 1.53 (1.02–1.86) | 0.0005* | |
| IL8 | 12.3 (10.5–15.5) | 8.62 (6.78–15.28) | 9.26 (6.12–12.18) | 0.0161* | |
| IL10 | 0.71 (0.26–1.01) | 0.65 (0.54–1.18) | 0.47 (0.18–0.76) | 0.1119 | |
| TNFα | 12.9 (10.82–15) | 11.97 (9.8–14.42) | 10.95 (7.38–12.36) | 0.0411# | |
| VEGF | 78.9 (47.7–101.9) | 89.6 (58.5–115.9) | 41.3 (27.7–72.0) | 0.0232# | |
| ET-1 | 2.43 (2.13–3.30) | 1.43 (1.16–1.72) | 1.48 (1.20–1.77) | 0.0001* | |
| Sputum (n = 30) | IL1β | 18.2 (12.2–33.1) | 45.4 (23.7–61.3) | 36.4 (22.2–106.2) | 0.2126 |
| IL6 | 10.6 (5.4–57.6) | 14.7 (9.4–35.2) | 16.6 (6.4–29.2) | 0.7159 | |
| IL8 | 712.4 (447.1–1246.4) | 746.0 (620.5–2335.5) | 893.4 (348.1–2780.1) | 0.9351 | |
| IL10 | 0.64 (0.46–0.9) | 0.74 (0.6–0.9) | 0.6 (0.44–1.5) | 0.6519 | |
| TNFα | 5.89 (4.56–7.92) | 8.36 (4.66–17.7) | 5.09 (3.66–14.84) | 0.5719 | |
| VEGF | 323.6 (150.6–376.2) | 314.5 (196.8–464.6) | 295.7 (255.6–454.4) | 0.9645 | |
| ET-1 | 0 (0–0.82) | 0.56 (0–0.82) | 0.98 (0.55–1.1) | 0.1810 | |
Data presented as median (IQR).
P values calculated by Kruskal-Wallis.
↵*Post hoc comparison showing CHD-APAH levels significantly greater than CHD and significantly greater than healthy controls (p < 0.05).
↵#Post hoc comparison showing CHD-APAH and CHD levels significantly greater than for healthy controls (p < 0.05).
APAH = Associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, CHD = Congenital heart disease, ET = endothelin, IL = interleukin, TNF = tumour necrosis factor, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.