Effectiveness of up-to-date pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule against presumed bacterial pneumonia in HIV-uninfected children
| Cases with hospital controls Cases=1326, controls=2075 | Cases with hospital controls, Soweto only Cases=893, controls=1453 | Cases with community controls Cases=889, controls=2628 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted¶ | |||||
| Age group (weeks) | Strata in model | VE (95% CI) | VE (95% CI) | Strata in model* | VE (95% CI) | VE (95% CI) | Strata in model* | VE (95% CI) | VE (95% CI) | |
| By age group | 8–15 | 93/229 | −38.4 (−113.0 to 10.1) | 8.5 (−68.0 to 50.2) | 62/135 | −26.5 (−114.2 to 25.2) | 51.0 (−10.9 to 78.4) | 68/142 | 14.6 (−42.6 to 48.8) | −9.4 (−91.2 to 37.4) |
| 16–40 | 45/538 | 32.4 (−7.5 to 57.5) | 36.9 (−10.6 to 64.0) | 20/338 | 41.2 (−14.7 to 69.9) | 60.9 (9.7 to 83.1) | 44/335 | 49.8 (13.5 to 70.8) | 52.2 (15.4 to 73.0) | |
| ≥41 | 40/559 | −4.8 (−67.6 to 34.5) | 15.7 (−48.2 to 52.1) | 33/420 | −4.5 (−81.4 to 39.9) | 24.5 (−45.6 to 60.9) | 25/412 | 58.6 (24.0 to 77.4) | 49.6 (2.5 to 73.9) | |
| 16–103 | 81/1017 | 27.5 (−1.6 to 48.3) | 39.2 (8.4 to 59.6) | 46/688 | 34.5 (−2.7 to 58.2) | 53.8 (19.5 to 73.5) | 67/680 | 55.5 (32.3 to 70.7) | 52.7 (25.7 to 69.9) | |
| Overall | >=8 | 187/1326 | 1.0 (−27.4 to 23.1) | 20.1 (−9.3 to 41.6) | 117/893 | 5.7 (−30.2 to 31.7) | 38.4 (7.7 to 58.8) | 138/889 | 40.9 (18.9 to 56.9) | 32.1 (4.6 to 51.6) |
*The denominator indicates the number of strata (case–control sets) in that subgroup, and the numerator indicates the number of strata contributing to the model. When using conditional logistic regression, only discordant strata (ie, sets with vaccinated case and at least one non-vaccinated control or with non-vaccinated case and at least one vaccinated control) contribute to the model.
†Adjusted for race, sex, discharge diagnosis of malnutrition, low birth weight, exclusive breast feeding up to the age of 4 months, prior hospitalisation for pneumonia, day care attendance, mother self-reported HIV-infected, maternal education level <11th grade, contact with an adult with TB, more than two people sleeping in room with child, flush toilet in the home and receipt of ≥1 dose of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine.
¶Adjusted for weight, for age Z score <2.
VE, vaccine effectiveness.