Cases with hospital controls | Cases with hospital controls, Soweto only | Cases with community controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases n=1326 | Controls n=2075 | Cases n=893 | Controls n=1453 | Cases n=889 | Controls n=2628 | ||||
Characteristic | n (%) | n (%) | Matched p value | n (%) | n (%) | Matched p value | n (%) | n (%) | Matched p value |
Black race | 1266 (95.5) | 1979 (95.4) | 0.062 | 883 (98.9) | 1426 (98.1) | 0.149 | 879 (98.9) | 2564 (97.6) | 0.028 |
Male sex | 765 (57.7) | 1191 (57.4) | 0.824 | 525 (58.8) | 832 (57.3) | 0.604 | 521 (58.6) | 1343 (51.2) | <0.001 |
Weight-for-age Z score <2 | 332 (25.1) | 558 (26.9) | 0.524 | 225 (25.2) | 419 (28.9) | 0.096 | 224 (25.2) | 145 (5.5) | <0.001 |
Any chronic condition* | 41 (3.1) | 85 (4.1) | 0.277 | 17 (1.9) | 44 (3.0) | 0.147 | 17 (1.9) | 17 (0.6) | 0.002 |
Prior hospitalisation | 265 (20.0) | 295 (14.2) | <0.001 | 155 (17.4) | 185 (12.8) | 0.003 | 151 (17.0) | 228 (8.7) | <0.001 |
Prior pneumonia hospitalisation | 144 (11.1) | 100 (4.8) | <0.001 | 86 (9.9) | 65 (4.5) | <0.001 | 83 (9.6) | 99 (3.8) | <0.001 |
Low birth weight† | 296 (22.7) | 326 (15.8) | <0.001 | 191 (21.8) | 223 (15.4) | <0.001 | 187 (21.5) | 386 (14.7) | <0.001 |
Mother HIV-infected | 432 (33.3) | 620 (30.4) | 0.094 | 288 (32.8) | 428 (30.1) | 0.303 | 286 (32.6) | 601 (22.9) | <0.001 |
TB contact | 112 (8.5) | 165 (8.0) | 0.524 | 53 (6.0) | 75 (5.2) | 0.353 | 53 (6.0) | 143 (5.5) | 0.632 |
Exclusive breast fed <4 months | 698 (52.8) | 1102 (53.2) | 0.939 | 464 (52.2) | 770 (53.1) | 0.721 | 464 (52.4) | 1635 (62.2) | <0.001 |
Brick house | 870 (66.1) | 1355 (65.5) | 0.198 | 615 (69.6) | 973 (67.2) | 0.244 | 612 (69.6) | 2064 (78.5) | <0.001 |
Indoor water supply | 474 (35.8) | 699 (33.8) | 0.664 | 309 (34.6) | 517 (35.7) | 0.688 | 302 (34.0) | 1234 (47.0) | <0.001 |
Flush toilet | 1020 (77.0) | 1479 (71.4) | 0.012 | 770 (86.3) | 1194 (82.3) | 0.010 | 763 (85.9) | 2339 (89.0) | 0.011 |
Coal/wood primary fuel | 47 (3.6) | 103 (5.0) | 0.797 | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 0.973 | 0 (0) | 6 (0.2) | 0.973 |
Primary care giver smokes | 86 (6.5) | 117 (5.6) | 0.615 | 48 (5.4) | 89 (6.1) | 0.447 | 47 (5.3) | 29 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Day care | 216 (16.4) | 436 (21.0) | <0.001 | 165 (18.5) | 330 (22.8) | 0.024 | 156 (17.6) | 515 (19.6) | 0.091 |
Mother education <11 | 386 (30.0) | 686 (33.2) | 0.021 | 214 (24.8) | 433 (29.9) | 0.005 | 211 (24.5) | 543 (20.7) | 0.016 |
Crowding‡ | 685 (51.8) | 1092 (52.7) | 0.654 | 443 (49.8) | 794 (54.8) | 0.013 | 443 (50.0) | 814 (31.0) | <0.001 |
At least one dose of DTP | 1258 (94.9) | 1954 (94.1) | 0.231 | 855 (95.7) | 1371 (94.4) | 0.111 | 851 (95.7) | 2527 (96.2) | 0.494 |
PCV doses§ | |||||||||
0 | 144 (10.9) | 234 (11.3) | – | 75 (8.4) | 133 (9.2) | – | 76 (8.6) | 157 (6.0) | – |
1 | 394 (29.7) | 579 (27.9) | 0.318 | 229 (25.6) | 368 (25.3) | 0.674 | 234 (26.3) | 614 (23.4) | 0.191 |
2 | 476 (35.9) | 729 (35.1) | 0.961 | 340 (38.1) | 519 (35.7) | 0.978 | 338 (38.0) | 1066 (40.6) | <0.001 |
3 | 296 (22.3) | 498 (24.0) | 0.325 | 237 (26.5) | 401 (27.6) | 0.371 | 232 (26.1) | 755 (28.7) | <0.001 |
4 | 16 (1.2) | 35 (1.7) | 0.173 | 12 (1.3) | 32 (2.2) | 0.052 | 9 (1.0) | 36 (1.4) | 0.004 |
*Includes parental report of malnutrition, asthma, heart disease, cerebral palsy, sickle cell, kidney disease.
†Birth weight <2500 g.
‡More than two people sleep in the room with the child.
§Using zero doses as referent group.
PBP, presumed bacterial pneumonia; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.