Variables | COPD mild | COPD moderate-severe | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Men | Women | All | Men | Women | |
Age, +70 years (vs 40–49 years) | 2.19* (1.15 to 4.16) | 2.50 (0.77 to 8.16) | 2.28* (1.02 to 5.06) | 4.46* (1.84 to 10.8) | 6.09* (1.14 to 35.4) | 3.54* (1.23 to 10.1) |
Education (# years) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.04) | 0.88* (0.78 to 0.99) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.10) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) |
Biomass, ≥10 years heating (yes/no)† | 0.88 (0.39 to 1.96) | 2.09 (0.59 to 7.44) | 0.62 (0.21 to 1.82) | 2.26 (0.93 to 5.52) | 0.44 (0.08 to 2.42) | 3.58* (1.42 to 9.01) |
Passive smoking (yes/no) | 2.18 (0.99 to 4.75) | 1.33 (0.26 to 6.72) | 2.60* (1.05 to 6.43) | 1.25 (0.42 to 3.73) | 0.69 (0.08 to 6.21) | 1.65 (0.46 to 5.88) |
Childhood hospitalisation for respiratory illness (yes/no) | 1.57 (0.68 to 3.62) | 2.95 (0.84 to 10.4) | 1.18 (0.35 to 4.00) | 4.80* (2.43 to 9.46) | 10.1* (3.71 to 27.5) | 2.24 (0.73 to 6.84) |
HD/HT/DM‡ (yes/no) | 0.72 (0.43 to 1.21) | 1.55 (0.61 to 3.95) | 0.51* (0.26 to 0.98) | 1.11 (0.63 to 1.94) | 1.48 (0.57 to 3.90) | 1.07 (0.53 to 2.16) |
Asthma (yes/no) | 2.23* (1.36 to 3.66) | 3.39* (1.25 to 9.21) | 2.14* (1.20 to 3.82) | 4.94* (2.94 to 8.30) | 7.34* (3.01 to 17.9) | 3.89* (2.02 to 7.50) |
Data are aORs and 95% CI. Adjustment made for all other covariates in model: BMI, exposure to organic dust, inorganic dust, gases/vapours, biomass cooking ≥10 years and TB. Plus sex (for ‘all’ cohorts).
*Significant at 5% level (all variables shown in online supplementary table X2).
†Calculated based on six sites with available biomass data.
‡Heart disease, systemic hypertension or diabetes.
BMI, body mass index; HD/HT/DM, heart disease/ systemic hypertension/diabetes mellitus.