Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Entire cohort | Non-survivors | Survivors | p Value | Hospitalised | Non-hospitalised | p Value | ICU admission | Non-ICU admission | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1641 | 547 | 1094 | 861 | 780 | 246 | 1395 | |||
| Age (years) | 73 (62–79) | 75 (66–81) | 73 (60–78) | <0.001 | 74 (65–80) | 72 (59–78) | <0.001 | 75 (68–81) | 73 (61–79) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 59 | 58 | 59 | 0.48 | 57 | 61 | 0.12 | 57 | 59 | 0.61 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| COPD (%) | 34 | 36 | 32 | 0.10 | 36 | 31 | 0.01 | 43 | 32 | 0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 28 | 30 | 26 | 0.07 | 30 | 26 | 0.13 | 30 | 27 | 0.33 |
| Stroke (%) | 12 | 14 | 11 | 0.08 | 12 | 12 | 0.79 | 13 | 12 | 0.66 |
| Tumour (%) | 9 | 11 | 8 | 0.04 | 10 | 8 | 0.16 | 11 | 9 | 0.32 |
| Renal (%) | 5 | 6 | 4 | 0.08 | 6 | 4 | 0.22 | 7 | 5 | 0.26 |
| Liver (%) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 0.25 | 8 | 8 | 0.62 | 10 | 8 | 0.19 |
| DM (%) | 15 | 13 | 16 | 0.13 | 17 | 14 | 0.06 | 17 | 15 | 0.38 |
| Vital signs | ||||||||||
| MAP (mm Hg) | 80 (67–93) | 70 (54–83) | 84 (73–97) | <0.001 | 77 (60–90) | 83 (71–97) | <0.001 | 67 (50–82) | 82 (70–95) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (bpm) | 27 (24–32) | 28 (24–32) | 26 (24–32) | 0.01 | 28 (24–32) | 26 (24–32) | 0.09 | 30 (24–32) | 26 (24–32) | 0.003 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.2–38.2) | 36.8 (36.2–38.2) | 36.8 (36.2–38.1) | 0.83 | 36.8 (36.2–38.2) | 36.8 (36.2–38.1) | 0.65 | 37 (36.2–38.2) | 36.8 (36.2–38.1) | 0.62 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 110 (98–126) | 110 (99–126) | 110 (97–125) | 0.20 | 110 (98–128) | 110 (98–124) | 0.22 | 110 (98–126) | 110 (98–126) | 0.99 |
| Mental confusion (%) | 28 | 46 | 20 | <0.001 | 37 | 19 | <0.001 | 66 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||||||
| WBC (×109/L) | 11.2 (7.7–15.6) | 11.0 (7.6–15.1) | 11.2 (7.8–15.6) | 0.48 | 11.2 (7.7–15.5) | 11.3 (7.7–15.7) | 0.75 | 11.4 (7.6–16) | 11.2 (7.7–15.5) | 0.71 |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 1.1 (0.9–3.4) | 1.3 (0.9–9.4) | 1.1 (0.9–3.4) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–3.4) | 1.1 (0.9–3.4) | 0.50 | 1.2 (0.9–3.7) | 1.1 (0.9–3.4) | 0.15 |
| PaO2 (mm Hg) | 75 (59–94) | 71 (57–89) | 77 (60–96) | <0.001 | 74 (59–92) | 76 (59–96) | 0.28 | 69 (55–86) | 77 (60–95) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 184 (135–243) | 185 (136–243) | 183 (134–244) | 0.91 | 186 (136–243) | 183 (134–243) | 0.81 | 188 (142–246) | 183 (134–242) | 0.73 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 100 (75–148) | 106 (78–170) | 98 (74–136) | <0.001 | 102 (77–157) | 98 (73–136) | 0.02 | 134 (98–228) | 96 (72–134) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.3 (8.3–18.6) | 13.1 (8.1–19.3) | 12.0 (8.1–18.3) | 0.04 | 12.2 (8.2–19) | 12.5 (8.3–18.3) | 0.94 | 12.2 (8.2–18.7) | 12.3 (8.3–18.5) | 0.63 |
| Positive sputum | 378/1132 (33%) | 143/394 (36%) | 235/738 (32%) | 0.13 | 209/583 (36%) | 169/549 (31%) | 0.07 | 73/187 (39%) | 305/945 (32%) | 0.07 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.6 (1.0–5.1) 3.6±3.4 | 5.4 (3.1–8.1) 6.1±4.0 | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) 2.3±2.0 | <0.001 | 4.4 (2.5–7.0) 5.1±3.7 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) 1.8±1.8 | <0.001 | 8.5 (6.6–11.7) 9.0±4.0 | 2.1 (0.9–4.0) 2.6±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Multilobar opacities (%) | 40 | 47 | 37 | <0.001 | 42 | 38 | 0.07 | 53 | 38 | <0.001 |
| CURB-65 | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 |
| 28-Day mortality (%) | 33 | – | – | – | 54 | 11 | <0.001 | 85 | 24 | <0.001 |
Skewed distributed data are expressed as medians and quartiles.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ICU, intensive care unit; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PaO2, arterial oxygen pressure; PCT, procalcitonin; WBC, white blood cells.