Viral detections in cases and controls
| All patients | WHO radiological pneumonia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detected virus | Cases (n=121) | Controls (n=240) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Cases (n=93) | Controls (n=220) | Unadjusted | |
| n (%) | ORs (95% CI) | n (%) | ORs (95% CI) | Adjusted | ||||
| Adenovirus | 18 (15) | 17 (7) | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.3) | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.9) | 12 (13) | 17 (8) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.9) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.4) |
| Bocavirus | 14 (12) | 50 (21) | 0.5 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.8) | 12 (13) | 46 (21) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) |
| Coronavirus (any) | 6 (5) | 28 (12) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.6) | 5 (5) | 27 (12) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.8) |
| HKU1 | 3 (2) | 16 (7) | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.1) | 2 (2) | 15 (7) | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) | ||
| NL63 | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.6 (0.1 to 6.5) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.8 (0.1 to 8.5) | ||
| OC43 | 1 (1) | 8 (3) | 0.2 (0.0 to 1.9) | 1 (1) | 8 (4) | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.3) | ||
| 229E | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.7 (0.1 to 7.3) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.9 (0.1 to 10.2) | ||
| Enterovirus | 2 (2) | 7 (3) | 0.5 (0.1 to 2.9) | 1 (1) | 7 (3) | 0.3 (0.0 to 3.0) | ||
| Influenza (any) | 8 (7) | 4 (2) | 4.2 (1.2 to 14.5) | 13.8 (2.5 to 76.6) | 6 (6) | 4 (2) | 4.2 (1.1 to 15.7) | 14.2 (2.3 to 87.1) |
| Influenza A | 4 (3) | 1 (0) | 7.3 (0.8 to 66.2) | 3 (3) | 1 (0) | 7.4 (0.8 to 71.9) | ||
| H1N1 | 2 (2) | 3 (1) | 1.4 (0.2 to 9.0) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 1.0 (0.1 to 9.4) | ||
| Influenza B | 2 (2) | – | – | 2 (2) | – | – | ||
| Metapneumovirus | 28 (23) | 11 (5) | 6.5 (3.0 to 14.1) | 14.9 (5.4 to 41.2) | 17 (18) | 10 (5) | 4.8 (2.0 to 11.2) | 10.8 (3.5 to 33.6) |
| Parainfluenza (any) | 3 (2) | 7 (3) | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.6) | 2 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.9 (0.2 to 4.3) | ||
| Parainfluenza 1 | 1 (1) | 1 (0) | 2.6 (0.2 to 43.5) | – | – | – | ||
| Parainfluenza 3 | 2 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.4) | 2 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.9 (0.2 to 4.3) | ||
| Respiratory syncytial (RS) virus | 39 (32) | 14 (6) | 10.1 (4.8 to 21.2) | 21.3 (8.3 to 54.4) | 30 (32) | 13 (6) | 9.0 (4.1 to 19.3) | 15.8 (6.1 to 40.8) |
| Rhinovirus | 28 (23) | 64 (27) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 20 (22) | 60 (27) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | ||
| Positive any virus | 98 (81) | 134 (56) | 3.4 (2.0 to 5.9) | 72 (77) | 122 (55) | 2.8 (1.6 to 4.9) | ||
| Single infection | 60 (50) | 84 (35) | 3.5 (2.0 to 6.1) | 46 (49) | 72 (33) | 3.0 (1.6 to 5.4) | ||
| Coinfection | 38 (31) | 50 (21) | 3.4 (1.8 to 6.5) | 26 (28) | 50 (23) | 2.5 (1.3 to 5.0) | ||
| Two pathogens | 31 (26) | 36 (15) | 22 (24) | 36 (16) | ||||
| Three pathogens | 5 (4) | 11 (5) | 2 (2) | 11 (5) | ||||
| Four pathogens | 1 (1) | 1 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (0) | ||||
| Five pathogens | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | ||||
Separate analyses for all included patients and patients with radiological pneumonia according to the WHO.
Predictors adjusted model: adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, ongoing antibiotic treatment, influenza vaccination, trip abroad and chronic disease. Significant associations marked in bold.