Biomarkers of oxidative stress in AATD and control children
| Oxidative stress biomarkers | Control (MM) | Low risk (MS; SS) | Intermediate risk (MZ; SZ) | High risk (ZZ) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSSG/GSH (%) | 2.42 (1.97–3.57) | 2.62 (1.07–3.77) | 4.14 (2.60–6.32) | 6.47 (4.56–9.50) | <0.001 |
| TG (μM) | 2930 (2592–3687) | 2684 (2261–2831) | 1818 (1474–2535) | 1630 (1292–1800) | <0.001 |
| GSH (μM) | 2864 (2532–3620) | 2183 (1947–2622) | 1741 (1464–2326) | 1713 (1376–1937) | <0.001 |
| GSSG (μM) | 72.98 (63.96–91.81) | 85.86 (75.32–108.5) | 64.0 (32.11–102.2) | 75.60 (68.05–101.6) | 0.254 |
| MDA (pmol/mg) | 0.85 (0.75–1.07) | 0.72 (0.52–1.85) | 1.15 (0.85–1.68) | 1.94 (1.44–3.76) | <0.001 |
| PC (nmol/mg) | 0.15 (0.12–0.20) | 0.16 (0.13–0.23) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.25 (0.19–0.26) | 0.010 |
| 8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 0.61 (0.54–0.71) | 0.68 (0.60–0.82) | 0.97 (0.68–1.11) | 2.00 (1.16–2.54) | <0.001 |
| SOD (U/mL) | 5.38 (4.56–5.61) | 5.90 (4.38–6.30) | 6.16 (5.41–7.53) | 5.76 (3.78–6.17) | 0.080 |
| CAT (nmol/min/mL) | 37.66 (32.05–40.57) | 36.95 (31.39–43.01) | 26.92 (16.47–38.89) | 17.67 (14.05–23.26) | <0.001 |
| GPx (nmol/min/mL) | 21.52 (18.32–23.18) | 22.16 (20.79–24.48) | 24.52 (19.37–26.79) | 32.35 (29.16–37.05) | <0.001 |
| GRd (nmol/min/mL) | 3.69 (3.41–4.38) | 3.04 (2.79–4.97) | 4.46 (2.67–5.22) | 4.20 (2.86–4.87) | 0.610 |
| H2O2 (fluorescence units) | 198.50 (138.3–333–3) | 251.0 (212.0–335.0) | 323.0 (258.5–350.0) | 584.0 (369.0–601.0) | 0.001 |
All values are expressed as median (IQR). Statistic significance after application of Kruskal-Wallis test. p Values lower than 0.05 were statistically significant (labelled in bold).
AATD, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; CAT, catalase; GPx; glutathione peroxidase; GRd; glutathione reductase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidised glutathione; MDA, malonyldialdehyde; PC, protein carbonyls; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TG, total glutathione.