Table 4

Associations of lung function parameters in preschoolers aged 4.5 years with exposure levels of air pollutants in utero and early postnatal (during the first year of life)

	FVC (mL)			FEV₁ (mL)			PEF (mL/s)			FEF_25–75 (mL/s)
Exposure	Coef	(95% CI)	p Value	Coef	(95% CI)	p Value	Coef	(95% CI)	p Value	Coef	(95% CI)	p Value
Base model*
Benzene
Entire pregnancy (n=605)	−13.4	(−31.7 to 4.8)	0.149	−14.9	(−30.9 to 1.1)	0.069	−26.1	(−71.6 to 19.3)	0.259	−30.1	(−65.9 to 5.7)	0.100
First trimester	−6.8	(−24.6 to 11.0)	0.454	−10.6	(−26.3 to 5.0)	0.182	−27.1	(−71.4 to 17.3)	0.231	−19.9	(−54.9 to 15.1)	0.264
Second trimester	−16.7	(−34.8 to 1.30)	0.069	−18.1	(−33.9 to −2.3)	0.025	−51.1	(−95.9 to −6.2)	0.026	−30.4	(−65.9 to 5.1)	0.093
Third trimester	−13.3	(−31.3 to 4.8)	0.149	−13.2	(−29.1 to 2.6)	0.101	−22.6	(−67.6 to 22.4)	0.324	−24.4	(−59.9 to 11.1)	0.177
First year of life (n=599)	−1.9	(−19.8 to 15.9)	0.832	−7.5	(−23.2 to 8.2)	0.347	−13.5	(−57.9 to 30.9)	0.550	−22.3	(−57.4 to 12.9)	0.214
NO₂
Entire pregnancy (n=607)	−24.4	(−52.4 to 3.5)	0.087	−21.5	(−46.1 to 3.0)	0.086	−32.6	(−102.3 to 37.2)	0.360	−34.0	(−89.0 to 21.0)	0.225
First trimester	−12.9	(−40.4 to 14.6)	0.358	−13.9	(−38.2 to 10.2)	0.256	−24.9	(−93.5 to 43.7)	0.476	−20.8	(−74.9 to 33.4)	0.452
Second trimester	−29.4	(−56.4 to −2.4)	0.033	−25.7	(−49.4 to −2.0)	0.033	−68.0	(−135.2 to −0.8)	0.047	−32.6	(−85.7 to 20.6)	0.230
Third trimester	−23.1	(−50.8 to 4.6)	0.102	−19.2	(−43.5 to 5.1)	0.120	−26.6	(−95.7 to 42.4)	0.449	−29.1	(−83.6 to 25.3)	0.294
First year of life (n=601)	−10.1	(−36.3 to 16.1)	0.449	−13.7	(−36.7 to 9.3)	0.244	−25.7	(−91.0 to 39.6)	0.440	−32.1	(−83.8 to 19.5)	0.222
Adjusted model†
Benzene
Entire pregnancy (n=566)	−15.0	(−33.9 to 4.0)	0.123	−16.3	(−32.9 to 0.2)	0.054	−21.6	(−68.6 to 25.5)	0.368	−32.6	(−70.0 to 4.7)	0.087
First trimester	−10.2	(−28.6 to 8.3)	0.280	−13.4	(−29.5 to 2.7)	0.103	−26.5	(−72.1 to 19.1)	0.254	−22.3	(−58.6 to 13.9)	0.227
Second trimester	−18.0	(−36.7 to 0.7)	0.060	−18.4	(−34.8 to −2.1)	0.027	−45.2	(−91.5 to 1.0)	0.055	−28.8	(−65.7 to 8.1)	0.125
Third trimester	−13.9	(−32.6 to 4.9)	0.147	−13.8	(−30.2 to 2.6)	0.099	−16.1	(−62.5 to 30.4)	0.497	−24.7	(−61.7 to 12.2)	0.188
First year of life (n=560)	−3.2	(−21.7 to 15.2)	0.733	−8.8	(−24.9 to 7.3)	0.283	−8.6	(−54.2 to 36.9)	0.710	−25.0	(−61.3 to 11.3)	0.176
NO₂
Entire pregnancy (n=567)	−28.9	(−58.5 to 0.6)	0.055	−26.1	(−51.9 to −0.2)	0.048	−26.9	(−100.2 to 46.4)	0.471	−44.8	(−103.0 to 13.5)	0.132
First trimester	−19.8	(−48.7 to 9.0)	0.177	−20.4	(−45.6 to 4.8)	0.113	−25.4	(−96.9 to 46.1)	0.486	−31.3	(−88.1 to 25.6)	0.280
Second trimester	−32.8	(−61.2 to −4.4)	0.024	−28.0	(−52.9 to −3.2)	0.027	−61.6	(−132.0 to 8.8)	0.086	−36.4	(−92.5 to 19.7)	0.203
Third trimester	−25.5	(−54.4 to 3.5)	0.085	−21.9	(−47.2 to 3.4)	0.090	−17.8	(−89.6 to 53.9)	0.626	−35.0	(−92.1 to 22.0)	0.228
First year of life (n=561)	−13.5	(−41.3 to 14.3)	0.342	−18.1	(−42.4 to 6.2)	0.145	−19.7	(−88.5 to 49.1)	0.574	−44.5	(−99.3 to 10.2)	0.111

*Base model adjusted for area of study, child's sex, and child`s age, height and weight at assessment and ethnic background.
†Base model further adjusted for birth weight, maternal social class, maternal education level, maternal smoking in pregnancy and paternal smoking in pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke 0–14 months, and lower respiratory tract infections 0–14 months.
Coef (95% CI), Coefficient and 95% CI for an IQR increase in exposure estimated by linear regression models.
NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PEF, peak expiratory flow.