Effects of PMc on emergency hospital admissions for pneumonia by lags in two-pollutant models, 2011–2012 (ER% (95% CI) for 10 μg/m3 increment of PMc)
| Lag days | PMc+PM2.5* | PMc+NO2* | PMc+O3* | PMc+SO2* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PMc | ||||
| lag0 | 0.68 (−0.73 to 2.12) | 0.99 (−0.30 to 2.30) | 0.66 (−0.68 to 2.03) | 1.06 (−0.23 to 2.36) |
| lag1 | 1.32 (0.01 to 2.65) | 1.52 (0.35 to 2.70) | 0.65 (−0.61 to 1.93) | 1.73 (0.57 to 2.91) |
| lag2 | 1.52 (0.20 to 2.85) | 1.71 (0.56 to 2.88) | 1.08 (−0.20 to 2.37) | 1.74 (0.57 to 2.91) |
| lag3 | 1.08 (−0.22 to 2.39) | 1.41 (0.26 to 2.56) | 0.92 (−0.35 to 2.21) | 1.42 (0.27 to 2.58) |
| dlm03† | 2.43 (0.41 to 4.50) | 2.90 (1.06 to 4.77) | 1.38 (−0.70 to 3.51) | 3.03 (1.20 to 4.89) |
| Second pollutant | ||||
| lag0 | 0.51 (−0.32 to 1.34) | 0.21 (−0.46 to 0.88) | 0.39 (−0.03 to 0.81) | −0.03 (−1.94 to 1.91) |
| lag1 | 0.32 (−0.50 to 1.14) | 0.15 (−0.49 to 0.79) | 0.64 (0.26 to 1.02) | −1.38 (−3.09 to 0.37) |
| lag2 | 0.38 (−0.43 to 1.19) | 0.30 (−0.33 to 0.92) | 0.47 (0.09 to 0.85) | 0.59 (−1.19 to 2.41) |
| lag3 | 0.80 (0.00 to 1.61) | 0.77 (0.16 to 1.39) | 0.50 (0.13 to 0.88) | 1.92 (0.17 to 3.70) |
| dlm03† | 1.00 (−0.13 to 2.14) | 0.70 (−0.21 to 1.62) | 0.96 (0.36 to 1.57) | 1.13 (−1.64 to 3.97) |
*Two pollutants were included in the model at the same lags. Statistically significant effect estimates are in bold.
†Overall cumulative effects of DTR lasting for 0–3 days (dlm03) were estimated by unconstrained distributed lag models.
ER, excess risk; PM2.5, particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm; PMc, coarse particulate matter.