Table 2

Association of national mortality levels from COPD with logarithm of GNI/capita ($US PPP) for all 179 countries with information and for the 19 countries with BOLD sites, and age-adjusted national smoking prevalence for 135 available countries and with mean pack years smoked for 22 BOLD sites

	Men			Women
	β	95% CI	p Value	β	95% CI	p Value
GNI
Age 15–59 years
Log GNI (N=179)	−4.64	−5.58 to −3.69	<0.001	−2.87	−3.55 to −2.20	<0.001
Log GNI (BOLD countries: N=19)	−7.90	−11.24 to −4.55	<0.001	−4.91	−7.04 to −2.78	<0.001
Age >60 years
Log GNI (N=179)	−196	−235 to −158	<0.001	−144	−179 to −109	<0.001
Log GNI (BOLD countries: N=19)	−329	−388 to −270	<0.001	−259	−326 to −192	<0.001
Smoking
Age 15–59 years
Age-adjusted smoking prevalence (%) (N=135)	−0.31	−0.41 to −0.22	<0.001	−0.51	−0.63 to −0.39	<0.001
Mean pack years (BOLD sites: N=22)	−0.52	−0.98 to −0.07	0.027	−0.74	−1.34 to −0.14	0.019
Age >60 years
Age-adjusted smoking prevalence (%) (N=135)	−5.57	−9.987 to −1.164	0.014	−24.47	−28.59 to −20.36	<0.001
Mean pack years (BOLD sites: N=22)	−18.5	−31.4 to −5.5	0.008	−39.0	−58.0 to −19.9	<0.001

BOLD, Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GNI, gross national income; PPP, purchasing power parity.