Tuberculosis (N=366), n (%) | Control (N=977), n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||
OCS users* | ||||||
ICS | ||||||
Non-ICS users‡ | 139 (38.0) | 515 (52.7) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
ICS users§ | 227 (62.0) | 462 (47.3) | 1.44 (0.97 to 2.14) | 0.075 | 1.35 (0.86 to 2.12) | 0.192 |
ICS cumulative dose (μg) | ||||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 45 000 (15 875 to 92 000) | 23 500 (15 000 to 53 000) | ||||
p Value for trend¶ | 0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
0 dose | 105 (28.7) | 410 (42.0) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
1–15 000 | 59 (16.1) | 224 (22.9) | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.06) | 0.074 | 0.47 (0.22 to 1.00) | 0.051 |
15 001–45 000 | 76 (20.8) | 182 (18.6) | 1.32 (0.73 to 2.41) | 0.360 | 1.22 (0.60 to 2.46) | 0.584 |
45 001–75 000 | 46 (12.6) | 72 (7.4) | 2.17 (1.09 to 4.31) | 0.027 | 2.40 (1.11 to 5.20) | 0.026 |
75 001+ | 80 (21.9) | 89 (9.1) | 2.22 (1.16 to 4.22) | 0.016 | 1.95 (0.93 to 4.05) | 0.076 |
Non-OCS users** | ||||||
Tuberculosis (N=3783) | Control (N=19 606) | |||||
ICS | ||||||
Non-ICS users‡ | 3155 (83.4) | 16 492 (84.1) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
ICS users§ | 618 (16.3) | 3114 (15.9) | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.37) | 0.002 | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) | 0.015 |
ICS Cumulative dose (μg) | ||||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 15 625 (6500 to 53 000) | 13 000 (2750 to 26 000) | ||||
p Value for trend¶ | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
0 dose | 2864 (75.7) | 13 935 (71.1) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
1–15 000 | 440 (11.6) | 3905 (19.9) | 0.51 (0.46 to 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.46 to 0.58) | <0.001 |
15 001–45 000 | 227 (6.0) | 1117 (5.7) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.27) | 0.421 | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.23) | 0.728 |
45 001–75 000 | 98 (2.6) | 306 (1.6) | 1.79 (1.39 to 2.31) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.27 to 2.17) | <0.001 |
75 001+ | 144 (3.8) | 343 (1.7) | 2.57 (2.05 to 3.22) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.72 to 2.77) | <0.001 |
*Defined if cumulative dose of 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents or more during 1 year before the index date was identified.
†Adjusted for LAMA use, SABA use, SAMA use, OCS use, presence of TB sequelae, immunosuppressant use, other comorbidities (malignancy, diabetes, chronic renal failure / dialysis, silicosis, malabsorption, HIV/AIDS and transplantation), Charlson Comorbidity Index and healthcare usage.
‡Defined if inhaler prescriptions shorter than 30 days during 1 year before the index date was identified.
§Defined if inhaler prescriptions 30 days or longer during 1 year before the index date was identified.
¶Conditional logit model: used each group median
**Defined if cumulative dose of less than 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents during 1 year before the index date was identified.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LAMA, long-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist; OCS, oral corticosteroid; SABA short-acting inhaled β2 agonists; SAMA, short-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist.