| Treatment Group | Crude hazard ratio (95% CI)* | |
| All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular mortality | |
| LABA only | 1.06 (0.79-1.43) | 1.06 (0.60-1.85) |
| LAMA only | 0.71 (0.57-0.88) | 0.59 (0.38-0.92) |
| LABA + LAMA | 0.71 (0.52-0.97) | 0.51 (0.26-1.00) |
| LABA + ICS | 0.72 (0.62-0.84) | 0.66 (0.50-0.89) |
| LAMA + ICS | 0.61 (0.49-0.76) | 0.48 (0.30-0.75) |
| LABA + LAMA + ICS | 0.61 (0.53-0.69) | 0.40 (0.31-0.53) |
↵* Patients on short-acting bronchodilator only were used as the controls
Table 1: Crude hazard ratio for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by treatment groups