Table 3

Effect modification of adjusted ORs for the risk on pneumonia with vitamin D supplementation in all three case–control studies

Case–control study 1
ANTONIUS-PHARMO		Case–control study 2
PHARMO-PHARMO		Case–control study 3
NPCRD-NPCRD
Vitamin D use1.814 (0.865 to 3.803)*1.007 (0.888 to 1.142)†1.496 (1.208 to 1.853)*
Effect modification
 Vitamin D use without osteoporosis2.631 (1.243 to 5.566)*1.416 (1.132 to 1.772)†1.671 (1.124 to 2.486)*
 Vitamin D use with osteoporosis1.011 (0.536 to 1.907)*0.892 (0.746 to 1.066)†1.432 (1.113 to 1.843)*
 Vitamin D use without oral corticosteroid use1.716 (0.977 to 3.016)*1.028 (0.902 to 1.172)†1.605 (1.288 to 2.000)*
 Vitamin D use with oral corticosteroid use0.826 (0.316 to 2.163)*0.854 (0.625 to 1.168)†0.817 (0.463 to 1.442)*

  • Data are presented as OR (95% CI).

  • *OR adjusted for osteoporosis, COPD/asthma, and oral corticosteroid use.

  • †OR adjusted for osteoporosis, COPD/asthma, oral corticosteroid use, and advanced renal disease.

  • COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NPCRD, Netherlands Primary Care Research Network.