Table 4

Subgroup analysis according to asthma or COPD

Tuberculosis (N=484), n (%)Control (N=2420), n (%)UnadjustedAdjusted*
OR (95% CI)p ValueOR (95% CI)p Value
Asthma
ICS use
 Non-ICS users†307 (63.4)1614 (66.7)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 ICS users‡177 (36.6)806 (33.3)1.22 (0.96 to 1.55)0.1051.46 (1.11 to 1.92)0.008
OCS use
 Non-OCS users§430 (88.8)2303 (95.2)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 OCS users¶54 (11.2)117 (4.8)2.54 (1.8 to 3.59)<0.0012.30 (1.55 to 3.41)<0.001
ICS Cumulative dose (μg)
 Median (Q1, Q3)15 000 (4875 to 44  750)15 000 (5600 to 15  250)
 p Value for trend**<0.001<0.001
 0 dose204 (42.1)1083 (44.8)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 1–15 000146 (30.2)990 (40.9)0.71 (0.55 to 0.9)0.0060.82 (0.63 to  1.07)0.140
 15 001–45 00074 (15.3)261 (10.8)1.55 (1.13 to 2.13)0.0071.71 (1.19 to 2.45)0.004
 45 001–75 00027 (5.6)59 (2.4)2.88 (1.72 to 4.8)<0.0013.46 (1.92 to 6.26)<0.001
 75 001+33 (6.8)27 (1.1)7.47 (4.32 to 12.91)<0.0018.03 (4.23 to 15.23)<0.001
COPD
Tuberculosis (N=1360), n (%)Control (N=6791), n (%)    
ICS use
 Non-ICS users†730 (53.7)4214 (62.1)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 ICS users‡630 (46.3)2577 (37.9)1.47 (1.3 to 1.66)<0.0011.20 (1.05 to 1.37)0.007
OCS use
 Non-OCS users§1059 (77.9)5999 (88.3)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 OCS users¶301 (22.1)792 (11.7)2.21 (1.9 to 2.58)<0.0011.84 (1.56 to  2.17)<0.001
ICS cumulative dose (μg)
 Median (Q1, Q3)30 000 (13 250 to 75 000)15 125 (9625 to 42 500)
 p Value for trend**<0.001<0.001
 0 dose540 (39.7)3468 (51.1)1 (ref)1 (ref)
 1–15 000305 (22.4)1644 (24.2)1.17 (0.99 to 1.37)0.0601.09 (0.92 to 1.28)0.318
 15 001–45 000215 (15.8)973 (14.3)1.43 (1.20 to 1.72)<0.0011.15 (0.95 to  1.39)0.148
 45 001–75 000111 (8.2)312 (4.6)2.34 (1.84 to 2.96)<0.0011.87 (1.45 to  2.42)<0.001
 75 001+189 (13.9)394 (5.8)3.18 (2.61 to 3.89)<0.0012.14 (1.71 to 2.66)<0.001
  • *Adjusted for LAMA use, SABA use, SAMA use, OCS use, presence of TB sequelae, immunosuppressant use, other comorbidities (malignancy, diabetes, chronic renal failure / dialysis, silicosis, malabsorption, HIV/AIDS and transplantation), Charlson Comorbidity Index and healthcare usage.

  • †Defined if inhaler prescriptions shorter than 30 days during 1 year before the index date was identified.

  • ‡Defined if inhaler prescriptions 30 days or longer during 1 year before the index date was identified.

  • §Defined if cumulative dose of less than 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents during 1 year before the index date was identified.

  • ¶Defined if cumulative dose of 1680 mg of hydrocortisone equivalents or more during 1 year before the index date was identified.

  • **Conditional logit model: used each group median.

  • COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LAMA, long-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist; OCS, oral corticosteroid; SABA short-acting inhaled β2 agonists; SAMA, short-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonist.