Risk factor | Evidence | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
Smoking | Risk of CAP increased in current and former smokers (9 studies)19–23 38 42 46 47 | Smoking cessation |
Alcohol consumption | Risk of CAP increased with high consumption or history of alcohol abuse (4 studies)21 23 38 47 | Reduce alcohol consumption |
Nutritional status | Being underweight was generally associated with an increased risk of CAP (4 studies)23 38 44 47 | Dietary advice to ensure good nutritional status |
Contact with children | Regular contact with children increased the risk of CAP (3 studies)23 38 44 | Avoid contacts with children with lower respiratory tract infections |
Dental hygiene | Risk of CAP decreased in individuals with a recent (within past year) dental visit (2 studies)23 38 | Ensure regular dental visits |
Vaccination against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae | Current guidelines88 89 | Ensure compliance with guidelines |
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia.