ORs* (95% CI) for associations between current symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema and diet variables for all centres combined in adolescents aged 13–14 years
| Exposure | Current wheeze | Severe asthma | Current wheeze (VQ) | Rhinoconjunctivitis | Severe rhinoconjunctivitis | Eczema | Severe eczema |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butter | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) | 1.17 (1.02 to 1.35) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.19) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.16) | 1.37 (1.18 to 1.58) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.17) | 1.30 (1.15 to 1.48) |
| Cereals | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.99) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.07) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.17) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.17) |
| Eggs | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03) | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.37) | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.20) | 1.15 (0.99 to 1.32) |
| Fast food | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.19) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.10) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) | 1.18 (1.05 to 1.32) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.39 (1.30 to 1.49) | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.34) | 1.21 (1.14 to 1.28) | 1.73 (1.50 to 2.00) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.70 (1.48 to 1.95) |
| Fruit | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.97) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.98) | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.02) | 0.84 (0.78 to 0.91) | 0.79 (0.65 to 0.95) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.81 (0.67 to 0.97) |
| ≥3×wk | 0.87 (0.81 to 0.94) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93) | 0.85 (0.80 to 0.91) | 0.83 (0.70 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.06) |
| Margarine | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.12) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.19) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.18) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.22) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.23) | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.22) | 1.35 (1.16 to 1.57) | 1.17 (1.10 to 1.26) | 1.32 (1.15 to 1.51) |
| Meat | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.21) | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.78 to 1.10) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.17) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 1.32 (1.08 to 1.61) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.17) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) |
| Milk | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.83 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.98) | 0.84 (0.71 to 0.99) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.97) | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) |
| ≥3×wk | 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.84 to 0.97) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.00) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.96) | 0.87 (0.76 to 1.00) |
| Nuts | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.17) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.39) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) | 1.78 (1.52 to 2.08) | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.31) | 1.59 1.36 to 1.85) |
| Pasta | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17) | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.08) | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.12) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.11) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.22) | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) | 1.47 (1.24 to 1.74) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | 1.38 (1.19 to 1.60) |
| Potato | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.11) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03) | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.13) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.22) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.11) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.16) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.23 (1.04 to 1.46) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.22) | 1.31 (1.12 to 1.55) |
| Pulses | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.10) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.08) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) | 1.26 (1.08 to 1.47) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.45) |
| Rice | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.04) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21) | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.54) | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.53) |
| Seafood | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.20) |
| ≥3×wk | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.28) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 1.49 (1.26 to 1.76) | 1.21 (1.11 to 1.31) | 1.35 (1.15 to 1.59) |
| Vegetables | |||||||
| 1or2×wk | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.96) | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.81 (0.70 to 0.94) |
| ≥3×wk | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.96) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.10) |
Statistically significant inverse associations are identified by bold italic text and statistically significant positive associations are identified by bold text.
Adjusted for region, gender, language, Gross National Income, exercise, television viewing, maternal education and current maternal smoking.
*Frequent consumption of foods ‘once or twice per week’ and ‘≥3 times per week’ in relation to ‘never or only occasionally’ as the base category.