Table 3

Antibiotic resistance of S pneumoniae causing community-acquired pneumonia in Europe

CountryReferencePeriod (years)β-LactamsMacrolidesTetracyclinesFluoroquinolonesOther
EstoniaLeesik et al331996–1998

  • PEN

    • Benz 20.5%

    • Amp 12.5%

    • CSPN 50%

——Cipro 40%—
England and WalesJohnson et al571990–1995

  • PEN

    • 1.5% (1990); 3.9% (1995)

  • CSPN

    • Cftx 0.7% (1995)

    • Cftr 0.3% (1995)

  • Ery 8% (1990); 8.6% (1995)

  • Cln 0.6% (1990); 1.9% (1995)

  • 5.0% (1990)

  • 5.1% (1995)

——
FranceJehl et al581998–2000—Ery 46%27%—

  • SULF

    • Cotr 37%

Bonnard et al591995–2000PEN 19% (1995)–50% (2000)Ery 19% (1995); 46% (2000)Dox 8% (1995)–18% (2000)——
Yu et al601998–2001PEN 29%————
SwedenYu et al601998–2001PEN 7%————
SpainYu et al601998–2001PEN 28%————
Roson et al461995–2000

  • PEN 12%

  • CSPN 5%

Ery 22%—Cipro 6.7%—
Nunez Fernandez et al611995–2000PEN 31%Ery 13%—Cipro 3%

  • SULF

    • TMP-SMX 28%

Valles et al621999–2002

  • PEN 34%

  • CSPN

    • Cftx 9%

Ery 33%—Cipro 1.5%—
Pallares et al631984–1993

  • PEN

    • 1% (1984–1988)–4% (1989–1993)

  • CSPN

    • Cftr/Cftx 2% (1984–1988)–9% (1989–1993)

  • CARB

    • Imi: 6% (1984–1988)–18% (1989–1993)

Ery 7% (1984–1988)–13% (1989–1993)44% (1984–1988)–33% (1989–1993)—

  • SULF

    • TMP-SMX 41% (1984–1988)–37% (1989–1993)

Ewig et al641996–1998

  • PEN

    • 14% IR, 30% R

  • CSPN

    • 19% IR, 10% R

  • CARB

    • Imi 23% IR

Ery 27% R—Cipro 14% IR, 2% R—
Carratala et al652000–2002PEN 41%Ery 35%———
Falco et al661997–2001

  • PEN

    • 21% IR, 6% R

  • CSPN

    • Cftx 10% IR, 2% R

Ery 1% IR, 21% R22% R—

  • SULF

    • Cotr 18% IR, 11% R

Aspa et al671999–2000

  • PEN

    • 26% IR, 10% R

    • Amx 3% IR, 2% R

  • CSPN

    • Cftx 3% IR, 0.3% R

    • Cfur 3% IR, 29% R

  • CARB

    • Imi 22% IR, 4% R

Ery 27% R0.8% IR, 31% R—CHLOR18% R

  • Amp, ampicillin; Amx, amoxicillin; Benz, benzyl penicillin; CARB, carbapenem; Cftr, ceftriaxone; Cftx, cefotaxime; Cfur, cefuroxime; CHLOR, chloramphenicol; Cipro, ciprofloxacin; Cln, clindamycin; Cotr, cotrimoxazole; CSPN, ciclosporin; Dox, doxycycline; Ery, erythromycin; Imi, imipenem; IR, intermediately resistant; PEN, penicillin; R, resistant; SULF, sulfonamides; TMP-SMX, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole.