Effect size of chronic bronchitis associated with solid fuel smoke exposure
| Reference | Type of study | Country | Fuel type | Exposure measured | Sample size | Diagnosis criteria | Sample type | Effect size | |
| % | OR | ||||||||
| Pandey (1984a and b)37,38 | CS study | Nepal | Biomass | Exposure not measured directly | 748 | BMRC criteria | Non-smoking adults ≥20 years | 13.76% (women) | 7.87 (4.67 to 13.26) |
| 3.0% (men) | |||||||||
| 2826 | BMRC criteria | Adults ≥20 years | 18.30% | Could not be calculated | |||||
| Albalak et al (1999)39 | CS study | Bolivia | Biomass | PM10 exposure measured directly in both indoor and outdoor kitchen | Indoor=102 | BMRC criteria | Adults ≥20 years | 22% (indoor), | 2.5 (1.25 to 5.00) |
| Outdoor=139 | 13% (outdoor) | ||||||||
| Behera and Jindal (1991)40 | DS | India | Biomass, LPG, kerosene, mixed | Exposure not measured directly | 3608 | BMRC criteria | Women involved in cooking | 2.9% (biomass) | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.67) (biomass user) |
| 1.3 (kerosene), | |||||||||
| 2.5 (LPG) and | |||||||||
| 1.2 (mixed) | |||||||||
| Qureshi (1994)41 | CC study defined by fuel(s) used | India | Biomass (BM), mixed fuel (MF) | Exposure not measured directly | 286 (BM), | BMRC criteria | Adults ≥15 years | 10.14% (BM), | 2.10 (1.50 to 2.94) (biomass user) |
| 560 (MF) | 5.11% (MF) | ||||||||
| Akhtar et al (2007)18 | CC study defined by fuel types | Pakistan | Biomass mixed (BM), | Exposure not measured directly | 1426 cases and 1131 controls | ATS criteria | Female non-smokers | 7.01% (cases) and 2.92% (control) | 2.51 (1.65 to 3.83) (BM) |
| Wood (W), | 2.38 (2.12 to 3.01) (W) | ||||||||
| Dung (D) | 2.01 (1.72 to 2.42) (D) | ||||||||
| Straw (S) | 3.32 (1.11 to 9.88) (S) | ||||||||
| Menezes (1994)17 | CS survey | Brazil | Solid fuel and clean fuel used | Exposure not measured directly but classified as high, moderate and no exposure | 411 (none) | ATS criteria | Adults ≥40 years | 9.3% (mone) | 1.0 (none) |
| 385 (moderate) | 14.0% (moderate) | 1.49 (0.92 to 2.41) | |||||||
| 257 (high) | 16.0% (high) | 1.30 (0.75 to 2.27) | |||||||
| Ekici et al (2005)36 | CC study defined by fuel types | Turkey | Biomass and LPG | Exposure not measured directly | 397 (cases) 199 (control) | BMRC criteria | Non-smoking women ≥40 years | 28.5% (cases) 13.6% (controls) | 2.5 (1.5 to 4.0) |
| Kiraz et al (2003)21 | CC study defined by fuel types | Turkey | Biomass and LPG | Exposure not measured directly | 242 (cases) 102 (control) | BMRC criteria | Women ≥25 years | 20.7% (cases) 10.8% (control) | 1.9 (1.3 to 3.01) |
| Uzun et al 200342 | CS study | Turkey | Biomass and non-biomass | No direct measurement | 90 (biomass) 87 (non-biomass) | BMRC criteria | Adult women | 58.9% (biomass) 29.4% (non-biomass) | 3.36 (1.80 to 6.26) |
| Cetinkaya et al 200043 | CS study | Turkey | Biomass | No direct measurement | 461 (men) 562 (women) | ERS criteria | Adult men vs women | 17.8% vs 10.0% | 1.96 (1.36 to 2.82) |
| Golshan et al 2002b44 | CS study | Iran | Gas, kerosene and wood | PM10 measured | 470 (gas) 493 (kerosene) 227 (wood) | BMRC criteria | Women | 3.4% | 2.91 (2.08 to 4.4) for using wood in the past |
| Dutt et al 199645 | CS study | India | LPG, kerosene, biomass | No direct measurement | 97 (biomass) 100 (kerosene) 98 (LPG) | BMRC criteria | Women 15–60 years | 4.1% (biomass) 2.0% (kerosene) 1.0% (LPG) | 4.17 (0.46 to 38.02) (biomass vs LPG) |
| Perez-Padilla et al 199646 | CS study (defined by disease type) | Mexico | Wood | No direct measurement | 127 (CB or CAO) 375 controls with other diseases | Hospital diagnosed | Women >40 years | 76% of individuals with CB were exposed to wood smoke | 3.9 (2.0 to 7.6) |
ATS, American Thoracic Society; BMRC, British Medical Research Council; CAO, chronic airway obstruction; CB, chronic bronchitis; CC, case–control; CS, cross-sectional; DS, descriptive study; ERS, European Respiratory Society; LPG, liquefied petroleum gas; PM10, particles of ≤10 μm.