Risk factor | Total n=3.821 | Skin test reactivity n=477 | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | p Value |
Sex | |||||
Female | 1855 | 189 (10.2%) | 1.0 | ||
Male | 1966 | 288 (14.6%) | 1.48 (1.21 to 1.81) | ||
Age, years | |||||
6–9 | 1491 | 130 (8.7%) | 1.0* | ||
10–12 | 1340 | 186 (13.9%) | 1.76 (1.38 to 2.24) | ||
13–16 | 990 | 161 (16.3%) | 2.06 (1.60 to 2.66) | ||
Gas for cooking (3)† | |||||
No | 220 | 39 (17.7%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 3598 | 438 (12.2%) | 0.69 (0.47 to 1.02) | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.04) | 0.075 |
Consumption of river water | |||||
No | 1094 | 93 (8.5%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 2727 | 384 (14.1%) | 1.40 (1.02 to 1.93) | 1.40 (1.01 to 1.95) | 0.043 |
Birth order (1)† | |||||
1st–3rd | 2087 | 236 (11.3%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
≥4th | 1733 | 241 (13.9%) | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.51) | 1.20 (0.97 to 1.48) | 0.090 |
Attending day care (117)† | |||||
No | 1973 | 262 (13.3%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
<1 year old | 462 | 45 (9.7%) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.97) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.05) | |
≥1 year old | 1269 | 154 (12.1%) | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.01) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.07) | 0.164 |
Contact with animals in farms at least once a week (5)† | |||||
No | 2625 | 290 (11.0%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 1191 | 186 (15.6%) | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.72) | 1.27 (1.01 to 1.59) | 0.042 |
Mother smoked in pregnancy (66)† | |||||
No | 3305 | 397 (12.0%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 450 | 74 (16.4%) | 1.35 (1.02 to 1.80) | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.68) | 0.163 |
Any helminth infection (103)† | |||||
No | 932 | 160 (17.2%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 2786 | 309 (11.1%) | 0.69 (0.54 to 0.87) | 0.69 (0.54 to 0.87) | 0.002 |
A lumbricoides infection (103)† | |||||
No | 1724 | 247 (14.1%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 1971 | 222 (11.3%) | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.05) | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.20) | 0.713 |
T trichiura infection (103)† | |||||
No | 1590 | 265 (16.7%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 2128 | 204 (9.6%) | 0.64 (0.51 to 0.80) | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) | <0.001 |
Intensity of A lumbricoides infection, median (103)† | |||||
Negative | 2135 | 307 (14.4) | 1.0* | 1.0 | |
≤4620 epg | 791 | 82 (10.4%) | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.03) | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) | |
>4620 epg | 792 | 80 (10.1%) | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.91) | 0.81 (0.60 to 1.10) | 0.237 |
Intensity of T trichiura infection, median (103)† | |||||
Negative | 1759 | 290 (16.5%) | 1.0* | 1.0† | |
≤490 epg | 1030 | 112 (10.9%) | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.89) | 0.68 (0.52 to 0.88) | |
>490 epg | 929 | 67 (7.2%) | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.64) | 0.49 (0.36 to 0.68) | <0.001 |
Factors showing statistical significance in univariate analysis (p<0.20) are shown. Multivariate ORs and 95% CIs were calculated from random effect logistic regression model and adjusted for age and sex.
Models were made separately for: (1) any helminth; (2) prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris infection; (3) intensity of Ascaris and Trichuris infection.
epg, eggs per gram.
↵* Test for trend, p<0.001.
↵† Numbers of missing values are given in parentheses.