Table 4

Association between dietary factors^‡ and wheeze in past year according to skin prick test (SPT) and national gross national income (GNI) per capita^†

	Affluent countries							Non-affluent countries
	Wheeze among SPT positive^*		Wheeze among SPT negative^*				Difference between strata (p for z-test)	Wheeze among SPT positive^*				Wheeze among SPT negative^*			Difference between strata (p for z-test)
	OR	95% CI	OR		95% CI		Difference between strata (p for z-test)	OR			95% CI	OR		95% CI	Difference between strata (p for z-test)
Meat intake (N)	2095		3420					1176				4380
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	0.85	0.46 to 1.58	0.57		0.34 to 0.95		0.323	0.71			0.41 to 1.22	1.12		0.67 to 1.85	0.229

Burger consumption (N)	1880		5894					519				3459
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	0.94	0.72 to 1.23	1.29		0.99 to 1.68		0.097	0.33			0.16 to 0.66	0.93		0.69 to 1.26	0.008

Fizzy drink intake (N)	2560		6559					1202				4996
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	0.92	0.74 to 1.14	1.11		0.98 to 1.38		0.222	0.68			0.45 to 1.04	0.90		0.69 to 1.17	0.288

Fish intake (N)	2608		6619					1172				4957
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	1.02	0.76 to 1.35	0.78		0.62 to 0.98		0.153	0.51			0.32 to 0.81	1.20		0.94 to 1.54	0.001

Fruit intake (N)	2589			6566				1152				4866
No	1	Ref		1	Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	0.88	0.63 to 1.21		0.72	0.53 to 0.97		0.374	0.47			0.21 to 1.02	0.61		0.45 to 0.85	0.529

Vegetable intake raw green (N)	2493		6436					1170				4063
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	0.98	0.77 to 1.24	0.87		0.69 to 1.10		0.515	0.46			0.28 to 0.78	0.88		0.67 to 1.14	0.026

Vegetable intake cooked green (N)	2135		4992					1078				4038
No	1	Ref	1		Ref			1			Ref	1		Ref
Yes	1.07	0.76 to 1.48	0.98		0.72 to 1.33		0.709	0.59			0.35 to 0.98	0.78		0.58 to 1.04	0.354

Fruit juice intake (N)	2563			6534					1193				5034
No	1	Ref		1		Ref			1	Ref			1	Ref
Yes	0.92	0.71 to 1.19		1.40		0.97 to 2.04	0.065		0.47	0.32 to 0.69			0.87	0.66 to 1.14	0.011

↵* Adjusted for age, sex, environmental tobacco smoke, parental atopy, exercise and number of siblings (0, 1–2, ≥3 siblings).
↵† Random effect models for meta-analysis.
↵‡ Dietary variables in the ‘never’ and ‘less than once per week’ categories were classified as NO and dietary variables in the ‘1–2 times per week’, ‘3–6 times per week’ and ‘once per day or more often’ were classified as YES.