Table 5

Associations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)* with (A) individual childhood disadvantage factors and (B) with the number of childhood disadvantage factors

	Men		Women
	OR† (95% CI)	p Value	OR† (95% CI)	p Value
(A)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Maternal asthma	1.26 (0.56 to 2.82)	0.576	1.55 (0.73 to 3.31)	0.255
Paternal asthma	2.69 (1.53 to 4.74)	0.001	2.94 (1.60 to 5.41)	0.001
Childhood asthma	10.48 (6.10 to 18.03)	<0.001	3.74 (1.55 to 9.02)	0.003
Severe respiratory infection before 5 years	1.34 (0.77 to 2.35)	0.303	0.69 (0.31 to 1.53)	0.362
Maternal smoking	1.41 (0.89 to 2.25)	0.143
(B)
Number of childhood factors
0 (reference)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
1	1.71 (1.10 to 2.64)	0.017	1.62 (1.01 to 2.60)	0.046
2	5.23 (3.14 to 8.73)	<0.001	2.41 (1.26 to 4.61)	0.008
3	6.32 (2.35 to 16.98)	<0.001	7.16 (2.75 to 18.64)	<0.001
For comparison
Adult smoking status
Former	2.44 (1.39 to 4.27)	0.002	1.00 (0.51 to 1.94)	0.999
Current <10 cig/day	2.50 (1.27 to 4.91)	0.008	0.62 (0.20 to 1.88)	0.398
Current 10–20 cig/day	2.16 (1.07 to 4.34)	0.031	2.32 (1.16 to 4.66)	0.018
Current >20 cig/day	3.70 (2.05 to 6.69)	<0.001	3.82 (2.04 to 7.13)	<0.001

Analyses include 8201 measurements in men and 8633 measurements in women with complete data.
*COPD defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) ratio <0.70 and FEV₁ <80% predicted; based on prebronchodilator lung function measurements from ECRHS I and ECRHS II.
†Odds ratio (OR) for COPD (A) comparing subjects with and without each childhood factor when adjusting for other childhood factors in the table and (B) comparing subjects with a specific number of childhood factors with subjects with zero childhood factors. Adjusted for smoking status, age completed education, social class, age, height and centre.
‡Estimates for adult smoking are presented in order to enable comparisons of estimates. The estimates are from model B, but are practically identical for model A.