Association between exposure to maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and children’ lung function at 21 years by gender
| Lung function tests | Males (n = 1185) | Females (n = 1224) | ||||
| Never smoked | Smoked after | Smoked during ± after | Never smoked | Smoked after | Smoked during ± after | |
| FVC (litre) | Ref | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.05) | Ref | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| z-score | Ref | −0.05 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.06) | Ref | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.06) |
| FEV1 (litre) | Ref | 0.06 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.04) | Ref | 0.06 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) |
| z-score | Ref | 0.11 (0.09) | −0.17 (0.06)* | Ref | −0.05 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.06) |
| FEF25–75 (litre/s) | Ref | 0.10 (0.11) | −0.16 (0.07)** | Ref | 0.01 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.05) |
| z-score | Ref | 0.06 (0.09) | −0.10 (0.06) | Ref | 0.009 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.06) |
The reference group (Ref) is children whose mothers never smoked. Values are regression coefficients (SE). *p<0.01; **p<0.05.FVC, forced vital capacity; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s